82 LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 
are large patches on which there is no grass, and the turf 
is composed of a thick growth of Armeria maritima; this 
lack of soil causes the flora and consequently the insect 
life of the island to be but scanty. Lichens are abundant 
on the bare limestone, Lecanora parella var pallescens 
being especially common. For the following list of plants 
I was able to collect, I am indebted to Mr. R. Paulson :— 
Lepigonum rubrum, Fenzl (Spergularia rubra). 
Armeria maritima, Willd. 
Chrysosplenium alternifolium, Linn. 
Sedum rhodiola, D. C. 
Crithmum maritimum, L. 
Beta maritima, L. 
Arum maculatum, L. 
Of the relations of the limestone to the beds that 
preceded and succeeded it, Puffin Island yields no clue; 
in Anglesey we find it to be underlaid by some 200 feet of 
irregularly bedded sandstone and conglomerate with nests 
of limestone, sections of which can be seen in the coast of 
Red Wharf Bay; this is a subordinate member of the 
Carboniferous limestone series and is preceded by 600 feet 
of beds belonging to the Old Red Sandstone, the upper 
part of which consists of red marls and sandstone with 
cornstones, while their basement bed is a quartz conglo- 
merate resting unconformably upon the Lower Silurian 
and Cambrian beds of Anglesey. The limestone series 
is overlaid by the millstone grit and coal measures, 
both of which are seen between Malldraeth Marsh and 
Llangollen, and above these occurs a scrap of Permian 
conglomerate. Doubtless these latter beds were deposited 
above Puffin Island, but in the great earth movements at 
the close of the Paleozoic age the island was raised above 
the sea and the denudation commenced which has removed 
any such overlying beds. 
