THE SYMBOLISM OF DREAMS 55 
mental in life and very primitive. But there is another equally fun- 
damental and primitive emotion—fear.22, We may very well expect to 
find this emotion, as well as desire, subjacent to dream phenomena.** 
The wish-dream of the kind elaborately investigated by Freud may 
be accepted as, in what he terms its infantile form, extremely common, 
and, even in its symbolic forms, a real and not rare phenomenon. But 
it is impossible to follow Freud when he declares that the wish-dream 
is the one and only type of dream. The world of psychic life during 
sleep is, like the waking world, rich and varied; it can not be covered 
by a single formula. Freud’s subtle and searching analytic genius has 
greatly contributed to enlarge our knowledge of this world of sleep. 
We may recognize the value of his contribution to the psychology of 
dreams while refusing to accept a premature and narrow generalization. 
On the psychic importance of fears, see G. Stanley Hall, “A Study of 
Fears,” American Journal of Psychology, 1897, p. 183. Metchnikoff (“ Essais 
Optimistes,” pp. 247 et seq.) insists on the mingled fear and strength of the 
anthropoid apes. 
* Foucault has pointed this out, and Morton Prince, and Giessler (who 
admits that the wish-dream is common in children), and Flournoy (who remarks 
that not only a fear but any emotion can be equally effective), as well as 
Claparéde. The last admits that Freud might regard a fear as a suppressed 
desire, but it may equally be said that a desire involves, on its reverse side, a 
fear. Freud has indeed himself pointed out (¢€. g., Jahrbuch fiir Psychoan- 
alytische Forschungen, Bd. 1, 1909, p. 362) that fears may be instinctively 
combined with wishes; he regards the association with a wish of an opposing 
fear as one of the components of some morbid psychic states. But he holds 
that the wish is the positive and fundamental element: “ The unconscious can 
only wish” (‘“ Das Unbewusste kann nichts als wiinschen”), a statement that 
seems somewhat too metaphysical for the psychologist. 
