THE MORAL EQUIVALENT OF WAR 401 
wounds they made is spared us, and the Greek mind fed upon the story. 
Greek history is a panorama of jingoism and imperialism—war for 
war’s sake, all the citizens being warriors. It is horrible reading, be- 
cause of the irrationality of it all—save for the purpose of making 
“history ”—and the history is that of the utter ruin of a civilization in 
intellectual respects perhaps the highest the earth has ever seen. 
Those wars were purely piratical. Pride, gold, women, slaves, ex- 
citement, were their only motives. In the Peloponnesian war, for ex- 
ample, the Athenians ask the inhabitants of Melos (the island where the 
“Venus of Milo” was found), hitherto neutral, to own their lordship. 
The envoys meet, and hold a debate which Thucydides gives in full, 
and which, for sweet reasonableness of form, would have satisfied Mat- 
thew Arnold. “The powerful exact what they can,” said the Athenians, 
“and the weak grant what they must.” When the Meleans say that 
sooner than be slaves they will appeal to the gods, the Athenians reply: 
“Of the gods we believe and of men we know that, by a law of their 
nature, wherever they can rule they will. This law was not made by us, 
and we are not the first to have acted upon it; we did but inherit it, 
and we know that you and all mankind, if you were as strong as we are, 
would do as we do. So much for the gods; we have told you why we 
expect to stand as high in their good opinion as you.” Well, the Meleans 
still refused, and their town was taken. “ The Athenians,” Thucydides 
quietly says, “thereupon put to death all who were of military age and 
made slaves of the women and children. They then colonized the is- 
land, sending thither five hundred settlers of their own.” 
Alexander’s career was piracy pure and simple, nothing but an orgy 
of power and plunder, made romantic by the character of the hero. 
There was no rational principle in it, and the moment he died his gen- 
erals and governors attacked one another. The cruelty of those times 
is incredible. When Rome finally conquered Greece, Paulus Admilius 
was told by the Roman Senate to reward his soldiers for their toil 
by “giving” them the old kingdom of Epirus. They sacked seventy 
cities and carried off a hundred and fifty thousand inhabitants as slaves. 
How many they killed I know not; but in Etolia they killed all the 
senators, five hundred and fifty in number. Brutus was “the noblest 
Roman of them all,” but to reanimate his soldiers on the eve of Philippi 
he similarly promises to give them the cities of Sparta and Thessalonica 
to ravage, if they win the fight. 
Such was the gory nurse that trained societies to cohesiveness. We 
inherit the warlike type; and for most of the capacities of heroism that 
the human race is full of we have to thank this cruel history. Dead 
men tell no tales, and if there were any tribes of other type than this 
they have left no survivors. Our ancestors have bred pugnacity into 
our bone and marrow, and thousands of years of peace won’t breed it 
