CONDITIONS AFFECTING EMIGRATION 575 
The better class of table wine costs 714 cents per quart, and less in 
bulk. There has been a notable increase in the consumption of meat in 
the kingdom. At Genoa the consumption of meat has increased 50 per 
cent. in fifteen years; at Milan, 50 per cent. in seven years; at Rome 
about 10 per cent. in seven years. At Naples, since 1902, the number 
of beeves slaughtered has increased 150 per cent. At Milan the number 
of horses slaughtered in 1897 was 4,586, in 190%, 7,132. Horse meat 
retails at 6 to 9 cents per pound. The per capita consumption of meat 
ranges from 8.8 pounds per year in the extreme south to 163.43 pounds 
in the province of Milan. 
Coral manufacture is an important industry in Naples. The coral 
is sorted, cut in pieces, filed or engraved, and polished. Women do the 
less skilled work and receive from 40 to 60 cents a day. Men receive 
from 60 cents to $1.20. Very skilled engravers receive relatively high 
wages, but rarely as much as $3 a day. 
A consul at Messina, commenting upon the effects of emigration, 
said that prices of both labor and foodstuffs had been raised, but that 
the standard of living of the laborer had become markedly higher. A 
part of this result was attributed to the money sent back by persons 
working in the United States. Italians who return from the United 
States are a disturbing factor, as they do not return to their old stand- 
ard of living and they make those about them discontented with their 
lot. 
Italian farmers are accustomed to intensive work. They make ex- 
pert truck gardeners and vineyard tenders. 
The state, voluntary organizations, and, to some extent, religious 
societies have been doing an increasing amount of progressive and in- 
telligent social work in Italy. Already the effects of this work are be- 
coming apparent. 
SWITZERLAND 
Swiss manufacturers have several difficulties to combat. There is 
such a scarcity of workmen that Italians, Germans and Austrians are 
imported. No night work is allowed, while in Italy men can work at 
night. Many mills are in places difficult of access, thus making the 
cost of transportation high. All coal and almost all machinery must 
be imported. In spite of these difficulties considerable manufacturing 
is done. 
The Swiss are patient, industrious workers, and however small their wages 
they always contrive to have an account at the savings bank. In the country 
their diet seems to be coffee, bread and potatoes three times a day, with meat 
and wine on Sundays. 
The standard of living of the workmen in the cotton mills can be 
judged by comparing the wages paid with the prices of food. The fol- 
lowing table presents the data for four separate mills. 
In but one mill would a day’s wages purchase so much as four 
