CONDITIONS AFFECTING EMIGRATION BIT 
and the firm pays one half. The reason for serving breakfast is to in- 
sure that the men start work in the morning on nourishing food. 
Baths, including soap and towel, are provided at 2 cents. 
The Swiss Locomotive and Machinery Works, Winterthur, are un- 
dertaking a limited amount of welfare work. About fifty families are 
housed in neat dwellings owned by the company. The rent varies 
from $41.68 per year for three rooms to $57.90 for four rooms of 
medium size and $69.48 for four large rooms. Nearly all of the men 
residing in these houses are members of the firm’s fire brigade. Baths 
are provided here as at Oerlikon. In general, Europe has made con- 
siderable advancement in providing houses, meals, baths, and pensions 
for workingmen. 
GERMANY 
Berlin workmen in machine shops obtain, as a rule, better wages 
than those in other parts of the empire, and the Berlin workmen are 
unexcelled at their respective trades. In the machine-tool plant of the 
Ludwig Loewe A. G. Works, at Berlin, the workmen can usually make 
on piece work 20.23 cents per hour. The lowest guaranteed wage is 
12.614 cents per hour. Workmen can obtain houses of one room and a 
kitchen at an annual rental of $57.12 to $64.26 and houses of two 
rooms and a kitchen at $119.96 to $134.24. In the Hohenzollern A. G. 
Locomotive Works, Grafenberg-Diisseldorf, and the Hanover Locomo- 
tive Works, respectively, expert workmen receive, on the average, 16.6 
cents per hour. The Hanover works own about 150 houses which rent 
at an average of $3.57 per month—a sum merely sufficient to keep 
them in repair. The houses contain from four to six rooms and may be 
occupied by one or two families. In many cases one room and a kitchen 
suffice, but two rooms and a kitchen are more common. The Benrather 
Works, at Benrath, board and lodge their unmarried workmen for 23.8 
cents per day. 
In the textile industries lower wages are paid than in the machine 
shops. Barmen is a great center for textile industries. Wages average 
80 cents per day, but are increasing. Weavers on special work get as 
high as $1.43 a day. In the most important single cotton mill in Ger- 
many, at Augsburg, Bavaria, the picker-room hands and the carders 
get 50 to 70 cents a day. On two 900 self-actor mules the spinner 
averages about 90 cents a day, the piecer 71 cents, and each of the two 
creelers 35 cents. Weavers, on an average, run three looms apiece and 
make about 80 cents a day. The term of apprenticeship is two years, 
during the first six months of which 24 cents a day is usually paid. 
Houses of three rooms rent for $23.80 to $33.32 a year. The working 
day is ten hours. Wages in the mills in Saxony are distressingly low. 
At Plauen, Saxony, overseers receive $5.71 to $9.52 a week, rarely more. 
Operatives average $3.81 a week. Man, wife and several children live 
on this wage, although the wife is sometimes a wage earner. Rent of 
