ENTOMOLOGY S91 
and Heterochrysops Krober). The following Ethiopian species belong here: 
C. aprugna Austen, C. austeni Neave, C. bicolor Cordier, C. brucei Austen, C. 
calida Walker, C. ciliaris Loew, C. confluens Loew (?), C. fuscipennis Ricardo, 
C. griseicollis J. Bequaert, C. inconspicua Austen, C. inflaticornis Austen, C. in- 
sulensis Austen, C. laniger Loew, C. laticeps Austen, C. lloydi Austen, C. mada- 
gascarensis Ricardo, C. magnifica Austen (and var. inornata Austen), C. maxima 
Kréber, C. natalis Macquart, C. neavet Austen, C. obliquefasciata Macquart, C. 
pallidula Austen, C. pusillula Austen (?), C. streptobalia Speiser, and C. woodi 
Neave. 
2. Subgenus Kleineana Enderlein. — Antennae very long and slender, at 
least as long as the thorax (including the scutellum), the first segment usually 
thinner than the second. Fore tibiae more or less swollen. Rather elongate 
species. Type: Chrysops longicornis Macquart, 1838. (Syn.: Neochrysops 
Szilady = Psylochrysops Szilidy). The “wreath” of light pile in front of the 
scutellum may be present or absent. This group comprises in the Ethiopian 
Region: C. bimaculosa Neave, C. centurionis Austen, C. dimidiata van der Wulp, 
C. distinctipennis Austen, C. funebris Austen, C. langi J. Bequaert, C. longi- 
cornis Macquart, C. nigrobasalis Krober, C. stlacea Austen, and C. stigmaticalis 
Loew. 
Habits of Chrysops. — In view of the medical significance assumed by some 
of the species, a few notes on the habits of these flies may be of interest. In my 
own experience I have never found them in Africa to be as numerous and as 
troublesome as in certain regions of North America. There are parts of Africa, 
however, where they are more abundant than elsewhere and a great nuisance. 
A. and S. L. M. Connal state that in the central and eastern areas of Southern 
Nigeria, which comprise innumerable creeks and many square miles of forest 
swamp, Chrysops dimidiata and C. stlacea are a veritable pest. They describe 
the behavior of either of these two species as follows: ‘‘It makes no sound as it 
hovers near, and, while not so furtive and so quick as the tse-tse, it is equally 
persistent. Like the anopheline, it generally alights on those parts which are 
not usually in full view, such as the ankles, the back of the legs and the outer 
side of the hands. The bite itself is not painful at the time, indeed it is seldom 
noticed, but the act of withdrawing the biting parts is usually appreciated. In 
most cases there is considerable irritation, and often extensive swelling a few 
minutes to a few hours after the bite, and the swelling may persist for days. 
From sunrise until 10 or 11 a.m., and from 4 p.m. until dusk are the periods 
when the fly is most numerous and attentive. When it is disturbed it returns 
again and again. It seldom attacks in bright sunlight, preferring the shade of the 
trees or the shelter of the verandah. Only thirty to forty per cent of the flies will 
feed on the day of capture, but if kept for a day or two many more will feed. The 
hungry fly, without loss of time, spreads out the legs, projects the palps forwards 
and outwards, these last showing a fine tremor, and the biting parts are inserted 
deliberately and neatly. As a rule, the blood-sucking apparatus is not with- 
drawn until the insect has had its fill. At times, however, after thrusting in 
1 1922, Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., London, XVI, pp. 86-88. 
