844 REPORT OF THE HARVARD AFRICAN EXPEDITION 
it is known in the typical form and in the varieties ziemanni Griinberg and 
paludis Theobald; but the last-named is by far the most common form there. 
A. mauritianus does not appear to be an effective carrier of malaria. 
Anopheles (Myzomyia) gambiae Giles 
Anopheles gambiae Giles, 1902, ‘Handbook of Gnats or Mosquitoes,’ 2d Ed., p. 511 ( 2; Gambia) 
Christophers, 1924, Indian Med. Res. Mem., No. 3, p. 60. 
Anopheles costalis Giles, 1900, Liverpool School Trop. Med., Mem. II, App. I, p. 49 ( 9 @). Theo- 
bald, 1901, ‘Monogr. Culic.,’ I, p. 157, figs. 39-42, Pl. IV, fig. 15 (9). Ziemann, 1902, 
Arch. f. Schiffs- u. Tropenhyg., VI, p. 361. A. M. Evans, 1927, Liverpool School Trop. Med., 
Mem., (N.S.) No. 3, p. 17, figs. 8D and 8G, Pl. I and Pl. VI, fig. 1( 2). (Not Anopheles costalis 
Loew, 1866). 
Pyretophorus costalis Wesché, 1910, Bull. Ent. Res., I, 1, p. 20, Pl. V, figs. 19-23, Pl. VI, figs. 1-6 
(larva and pupa). 
Anopheles merus Donitz, 1902, Zeitschr. f. Hyg., XLI, p. 77, Pl. I, fig. 12 (¢ 7; Daressalaam and 
Mballa Plain, Tanganyika Territory, and Franzfontein, 8. W. Africa). 
Anopheles gracilis Dénitz, 1902, Zeitschr. f. Hyg., XLI, p. 76, Pl. II, fig. 16 ( ¢ 7; Togo and Cam- 
eroon). 
Anopheles costalis var. melas Theobald, 1903, Liverpool School Trop. Med., Mem. X, App., p. i 
(2; Gambia). 
Anopheles arabiensis Patton, 1905, Jl. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., XVI, 4, p. 625, Pl. A, figs. 1-3 
(2; between Sheik Othaman and D’thala, 8. Arabia). 
This is the species generally called Anopheles costalis in the literature; but 
Loew’s A. costalis was certainly different. 
Liperia. — Du River, Camp No. 3, bred from larvae and common in the 
tents, July 1926. Gbanga, a few adults taken inside tents in the early morning, 
September 1926. This species was observed biting at 8 A.M. 
BELGIAN Conco. — Kinshasa (bred by Dr. Duren), the common anopheline 
in that locality. 
A. gambiae is the African anopheline most closely associated with man and 
may be regarded as a true domestic mosquito. It breeds preferably in small col- 
lections of water, freely exposed to the sun. Small rain pools, tree holes contain- 
ing rain-water, discarded tin cans, roadside ditches, and depressions in the beds 
of dried-up streams are favorite breeding places. The larvae may even be found 
in domestic containers of water. At Monrovia they were common in wells. At 
our camp on the Du River, numerous larvae were found in an open pond of the 
forest clearing (No. 474), together with those of Culex consimilis. The adults 
occur in human habitations and bite during the daytime as well as at night. 
A. gambiae is common throughout the Ethiopian Region, and extends into 
Mauritius and southern Arabia. In the mountains of Abyssinia it reaches the 
altitude of 7,000 ft. It is probably the chief carrier of malaria wherever it occurs. 
Experimentally it has been infected with all three species of malaria parasites. 
In addition it is a potential carrier of the human blood parasite, Wuchereria 
bancrofti (Cobbold), as shown by Annett, Dutton, and Elliott in West Africa. 
Anopheles (Myzomyia) nili (Theobald) 
Myzomyia mili Theobald, 1905, First Rept. Wellcome Res. Lab. Khartoum, (1904), p. 66, Pl. i 
figs. 3-4; Pl. II, fig. 2; Pl. V, fig.3( 9; Jebel Akmet on the White Nile and Middle Sobat, 
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan). 
