846 REPORT OF THE HARVARD AFRICAN EXPEDITION 
Anopheles funestus var. subumbrosus Theobald, 1903, Liverpool School Trop. Med., Mem. +. 
App., p. lv (Gambia). 
Lippria. — Gbanga, taken repeatedly inside tents in the early morning and 
the most common anopheline in that locality. 
A. funestus is widely distributed throughout the Ethiopian Region and occurs 
in Madagascar also. 
The adults are domestic insects, the females being commonly found in dwell- 
ings during the daytime. The breeding places, however, are generally some dis- 
tance away from houses. The larvae are found preferably at the edges of slowly 
running streams, where they hide among the floating vegetation. I found that, 
in Katanga, this mosquito survives the dry season in the adult stage (J. Bequaert, 
1913, Rev. Zool, Atric,,. ILL, p. 9). 
A. funestus is one of the important carriers of malaria. Experimentally it has 
been infected with Plasmodium falciparum Welch (aestivo-autumnal malaria) 
and with P. malariae Laveran (quartan malaria). 
CHIRONOMIDAE 
SUBFAMILY CERATOPOGONINAE ! 
This subfamily comprises many minute midges found in all parts of the world, 
the majority of them being of no economic importance. The blood-sucking 
species, — at least those that attack man or other mammals — are known as 
punkies or (more improperly) as sand-flies and belong to five genera: Culicoides 
Latreille (including Forctpomyia Meigen), Lastohelea Kieffer, Haemophoructus 
Macfie, Leptoconops Skuse, and Acanthoconops Carter. With the exception of 
Haemophoructus, these genera are all represented in the Ethiopian Region. 
Records of species of other genera, such as Johannsenomyia Malloch (= Johann- 
seniella Williston) or Ceratopogon Meigen, given in the literature as attacking 
man or mammals appear to be based either upon erroneous observations or upon 
misidentifications; at any rate, they need confirmation. 
Punkies often appear in such large numbers and are such persistent biters 
that they are a very troublesome pest; the more so since their minute size lets 
them pass through the usual anti-mosquito screens. Until recently, however, 
they were not known to carry the germ of any human or animal disease. In 
1927, N. A. D. Sharp demonstrated that the parasitic worm of man, Acantho- 
cheilonema perstans (Manson), undergoes its larval development in Culicoides 
austent Carter, Ingram and Macfie. A brief account of his observations is given 
below under that species of Culicoides. 
Females of an interesting midge of the subfamily Ceratopogoninae were dis- 
covered at Gbanga, Liberia, in September 1926, fixed by means of the proboscis 
to the under side of the wings of dragon-flies. The dragon-flies belonged to 
two species, T'rithemis arteriosa (Burmeister) and Orthetrum microstigma Ris 
(both identified by Dr. P. P. Calvert, of Philadelphia). According to Mr. 
1 The few midges of this group, collected by the Harvard African Expedition, have been named by 
Mr. F. W. Edwards, of the British Museum (Natural History), whose kind help is herewith gratefully 
acknowledged. J 
