856 REPORT OF THE HARVARD AFRICAN EXPEDITION 
by the presence of spots of silvery scales on the sides and ventral face of the 
abdomen. 
A discussion of the early stages of EZ. damnosum is given below. 
Simulium, species 
At Gbanga, Liberia, a careful search was made for the breeding places and 
early stages of E. damnosum. Numerous larvae and pupae of a species of Simu- 
liidae were found in a swiftly running stream of the primary rain forest, about 
a mile from the town. They were mostly fixed to immersed dead and living 
leaves, where they were exposed to the full strength of the current. Their 
habitat is illustrated in Nos. 475 and 476. At the time, these larvae and pupae 
were believed to be those of EZ. damnosum, although no adult flies were bred 
from them. This conclusion was based upon the abundance of EL. damnosum 
throughout the hinterland of Liberia, where no other adult Simuliidae were seen, 
and upon the failure to find any other simuliid larvae or pupae in the region of 
Gbanga. Since, however, my specimens differ conspicuously from what has been 

Text Figure 5. — Larva of Szmulium, species, at 
Gbanga, Liberia 
described as the early stages of H. damnosum by H. H. King and Pomeroy, their 
identity remains doubtful, so that it will be necessary to describe them in detail. 
Last stage larva. (Text Fig. No. 5). — Average length, 3.5 to 4 mm. Antennae long and slender, 
entirely membranous, of four segments, the first slightly more swollen than the second, the fourth 
minute; in shape they are almost exactly as figured by Puri (1925, Parasitology, XVII, p. 355, 
fig. 17B) for Simuliwm aureum Fries. Cephalic fan filaments few, about 30. Mandibles agreeing 
best with those of S. reptans (Linnaeus), as figured by Puri (loc. cit., p. 341, fig. 9C): proximal to 
the three strongly chitinized black teeth of the apex there are along the inner margin three smaller 
teeth, followed by a row of 8 to 10 bristle-like teeth, behind which are placed 4 to 6 smaller teeth; 
the two preapical tooth-like processes of the inner margin are long and slender and placed far apart. 
Submentum almost exactly as figured by Puri for S. ornatum Meigen (loc. cit., p. 338, fig. 7D), which 
seems to be the usual type: the front row with 9 teeth, of which the median and the one at each end 
are much enlarged; a pair of smaller teeth external to the large teeth of the sides. Abdomen 
ending in two small papillae; the posterior ‘“sucker’’ with 50 to 60 rows of hooks. Three anal 
gills, each ramified into 8 long, retractile branches. In addition to the usual short hairs scattered 
over the body, the dorsal part of the last three segments of the abdomen bears a number of peculiar, 
rod-like setae. 
Pupa (Text Fig. No. 6). — Average length, 1.5 to 2mm. It is enclosed in a tough and closely 
woven cocoon, of a peculiar shape best described as a double wall-pocket: the outer pocket covers 
the pupa more or less completely and its upper margin is considerably produced in the middle into 
a broadly triangular lobe; to the inner side of this outer pocket is attached a much narrower and 
incomplete piece which corresponds to the floor of the cocoon of some other species. Respiratory 
filaments about as long as the pupa, each consisting of a long main stalk divided into eight slender 
branches; the branches are united in four pairs, the two inner pairs being borne on a common 
