PHOTOGRAPHY 1051 
The reasons for this are (1) It is an easy formula to remember, (2) It re- 
quires very few chemicals, (3) It has no carbonate and (4) As near as I can 
make out you can vary the proportions to very wide limits with little ulterior 
effects. 
The advantage of there being no carbonate in the formula is quite great 
in that there is a marked difference between films developed in a formula with 
and without this chemical at high temperatures. With carbonate the emul- 
sion swells so much that the image is in relief while without carbonate this 
feature is practically entirely absent. The difference in drying, therefore, is 
very great. In testing these out before leaving I found that the ease of hand- 
ling with the amidol developer was so much greater than with other formulae 
that I do not hesitate in highly recommending it. The reason for the rela- 
tively large amount of sulfite is to add contrast, while the excess of bromide 
iS necessary to prevent fogging of the negative in warm solutions. This de- 
veloper, in fact, worked so well in laboratory tests that I gave up any idea of 
taking formalin hardeners. 
Speaking of hardeners, I found that by adding Potassium bichromate to 
the hypo solution about three ounces to the pound of acid hypo gave me ex- 
cellent results. 
I also took sodium sulfate with me to prevent the gelatin from swelling, 
in case I could get no water below 90° F. but never used it. I do not recom- 
mend it. 
Every individual photographer has his own hobbies on methods of devel- 
opment. I personally incline to the open tank, each negative suspended from 
a clip. For this purpose I had three rectangular tanks holding sixty-four ounces 
each. In addition I had a washing box of the same size which permitted 
water to run in at the bottom and out at the top. I found this method very 
satisfactory. The chief difficulty in developing is washing. One can either use 
several shifts of water or use running water. I am in favor of the latter and 
found that by hanging a bag or standing a pail above the level of the washing 
boxes I could then syphon into the various containers with rubber tubing, regu- 
lating the rate of flow by screw clamps. The suspended bag could then be filled 
with filtered water as often as necessary. 
The movies offered a more difficult problem. For them I used the Stein- 
man tank system. This consists of three nesting circular pans holding about 
two hundred ounces of water. In them fits a spiral cage upon which can be 
wound the movie films. When loaded they are placed in the pans and devel- 
oped on the open tank principle. For drying they are wound into a revolving 
rack. Although I found that films could be handled successfully, I am inclined 
to believe that unless one is making a specialty of movies, it would be much 
wiser to keep them carefully stored until the end of the trip. The amount of 
time and energy necessary to develop them is not worth the results. 
For a dark room lamp, J have found the oil burning type the best. 
Drying the negatives may offer a few difficulties. In the first place during 
the more severe bouts of dampness during the rainy season it may take days 
