12 REPORT OF THE HARVARD AFRICAN EXPEDITION 
In the interior, among the more savage people, one has opportunity of wit- 
nessing at least some instances of the harsher treatment of pawned women. 
In No. 48 is illustrated a young woman pawned by her husband. Not liking 
her new owner, she is said to have resisted and finally to have tried to escape. 
She was then chained, her foot being thrust into an opening made by logs riv- 
eted together, so heavy that the only way she could move about was by lifting 
them by means of a liana rope attached, and held in her hand. We found her 
in the market place being severely bitten by many insects. It was necessary to 
remonstrate forcibly with the chief of the town in order to obtain better treat- 
ment for her. 
Across the St. John River on the eastern bank one comes into the territory 
of the Manos, or Mas, another tribe that is related to the Kpwesi but that speaks 
a different dialect. As there are no canoes on this part of the St. John River, 
the tribes on the opposite banks have very little communication with one an- 
other. Porters are usually not willing to go beyond the limits of the territory 
occupied by their own tribe, or in any case only so far as the first town beyond 
their own boundaries, from which they can quickly return. In many cases they 
are evidently afraid to enter the village of another tribe after dark. 
Notable among the Mano women is the care often bestowed on the hair and 
the manner of dressing it, which is illustrated in No 49. The kinky hair is 
drawn back from the forehead and temples, parted for a short distance from the 
forehead and thus divided into three sections. A narrow plaited strand over the 
top of the forehead is visible in front, and the rest is bunched into an oval mass 
on the top of the head. Pins of soft silver or aluminum are often worn in it. 
The men usually shave the hair of the head with the exception of the central 
portion which is allowed to grow to some length, and is often plaited in tight, 
kinky strands. 
Both the men and the women to the east of the St. John River are usually 
more robust in appearance and taller than those one sees among the central 
Kpwesi tribe. Both the Manos and the Gios are somewhat similar in their 
customs, including the manner of dressing the hair. The men frequently wear 
only a loin cloth or G string and sometimes even go naked as indeed in the smaller 
villages even the women occasionally do. It also appears that cannibalism has 
persisted for a longer time among both these tribes than among the others in 
Liberia. It is among them that one still finds the ‘“‘leopard men.”’ 
The course of initiation in the devil and grigri bush schools among the Manos 
is said to be very much shorter than among the other tribes, and not to exceed a 
few months. A much more detailed initiation is necessary among some of the 
other tribes. 
The Gios, who have their own dialect, and who live chiefly to the eastward 
of the Yaw River (a tributary of the river Cess which we crossed), are even 
hardier in appearance and are a more energetic people than the other Kpwesi 
tribes. Some of them are nearly six feet in height. They make excellent porters 
and laborers, and some of them are good hunters. Their chief town or capital 
is known as Tappi Town, a village of several hundred well-built houses, having 
