226 REPORT OF THE HARVARD AFRICAN EXPEDITION 
be transmitted to the M. rhesus monkey by the inoculation of blood from hu- 
man cases and by the bites of infected A. aegypti. Sellards ' furthermore has 
demonstrated that the virus of yellow fever may be transported in the frozen 
liver of infected monkeys. He was able in this way to transmit the virus from 
Africa to England, Europe and the United States, and has thus permitted of 
a more extended and careful study of the nature of the infectious agent in this 
disease. 
Theiler and Sellards 2 have shown by immunological experiments also that 
the yellow fever in West Africa and that which occurs in South America are 
apparently identical, and Hudson, Bauer, and Philip * still more recently con- 
firmed these observations. A review of the recent work carried on in Africa by 
the International Health Board upon yellow fever is given in the Annual Report 
of the Rockefeller Foundation for 1928. 
It was in connection with the investigations upon yellow fever carried out in 
Lagos, Nigeria, and Accra on the Gold Coast that Doctors Adrian Stokes, Hideyo 
Noguchi, and W. A. Young became infected with the yellow fever virus and suc- 
cumbed to the disease. Dr. A. Maurice Wakeman, also engaged in this work, 
shortly afterwards died in Africa. In their tragic deaths, which have been such 
a shock to us, and which occurred while their investigations upon yellow fever 
were being pursued, science has suffered a great loss. 
The species of Aédes, in addition to A. aegyptz, found in Eben and along the 
West African coast, “fo capable of transmitting yellow fever are referred to in 
Chapter XIII, page 192. 
Pichat * and Cazanove*® have recently emphasized the fact that in urine 
analyses the presence of albumin and peptone furnishes a useful aid to the 
diagnosis of yellow fever during the course of the disease. It may be mentioned 
that after recovery the demonstration of the presence of immune bodies in the 
serum of the convalescent individual, by the inoculation of monkeys with his 
serum and subsequent attempts to infect the animals with the yellow fever virus, 
is sometimes of considerable value in diagnosis. It appears that the blood serum 
of individuals who have recovered from yellow fever reveals the presence of such 
immune bodies for long periods of time. 
SCHISTOSOMIASIS 
Schistosomiasis is not uncommon in Liberia, both among the tribes in the 
interior and in the inhabitants nearer the coast. As has been noted, the most 
advanced: case of splenomegaly observed was in a child (Case 202, No. 167), 
in which the ova of Schistosoma haematobium were found in the urine. The ova 
are generally found in fair numbers, but the infections are usually not exceed- 
ingly severe. In Liberia, as is customary, the terminal-spined ova of S. haemato- 
bium were found in the urine in cases with genito-urinary disturbances, and the 
1 Sellards and Hindle: Brit. Med. Jour., April 28, 1928. 
2 Theiler and Sellards: Ann. Trop. Med. and Paiatt, (1928), XXII, 449. 
’ Hudson, Bauer and Philip: Amer. Jour Trop. Med. (1929), IX, 1. 
4 Pichat: Bull. Acad. Méd. (1929) CI, 445. 
5 Cazanove: Bull. Soc. Path. Exot. (1929), XXII, 447. 
