SCHISTOSOMIASIS DISEASES 229 
hedgehog can be very readily infected with S. haematobium under experimental 
conditions. He points out that while in human cases the infection with this 
parasite is usually vesical, in the three experimental infections of the hedge- 
hog that he carried out, although there was a generalized invasion of the bowel 
wall, and eggs were present also in the liver and pancreas, the bladder was not 
affected. 
It seems not improbable that almost any single organ of the body may 
sometimes be invaded with S. haematobiwm; exactly why there is this great 
preponderance of intestinal infection and so little vesical infection near Leo- 
poldville is not entirely clear. Obviously a more complete study may reveal 
a greater number of cases of vesical infection. 
Brumpt! recently suggested that not only the hedgehog but perhaps the 
monkey might serve as a natural reservoir of Schistosoma haematobium. ‘This 
opinion has recently received support from Cameron? who, on a recent visit 
to St. Kitts in the West Indies found that the monkeys there of African origin 
are naturally infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Hence they may obviously 
serve in spreading infection. In this connection we may state that Schisto- 
soma ova were not found in the intestines of the monkeys we examined in Africa. 
A new species of trematode, however, was found in a species of Colobus monkey 
shot in the Ituri Forest in the Belgian Congo. This species has been named 
Dicrocoelium colobusicola Sandground, and is described on page 463. 
Some attention was necessarily paid to the sterilization by chlorination 
and other chemical means and by boiling of the drinking water used by mem- 
bers of the Expedition since this evidently was important from the standpoint 
of preventing infection. 
From the information available, it seemed questionable whether chlorine 
employed in the usual amounts for sterilizing drinking water would destroy 
the cercariae of Schistosoma. In this connection the recent studies of Black- 
more,’ who tested chloramine as a method of purifying Bilharzia-infected 
waters, are of value. He collected Planorbis boissyi which discharged cercariae 
morphologically resembling those of Schistosoma. The exposure of these to the 
dilution of one part per million of free chlorine caused immediately increased 
activity, followed by complete cessation of movement in about five minutes. All 
the cercariae were apparently dead within twenty minutes, loss of motility being 
taken as evidence of death. In another experiment the cercariae were dead in 
less than five minutes, being destroyed by less than the concentration of chlorine 
usually necessary for the disinfection of water. He found the cercariae extremely 
susceptible to the action of free chlorine. 
There is obviously need for a safer drug than tartar emetic in the treatment 
of schistosomiasis, as the studies of Khalil* emphasize. Khalil has collected 
and analyzed symptoms appearing after the injection of the antimony com- 
pounds. ‘These comprise cough, fainting, rise of temperature, vomiting, and 
‘ Brumpt: Bull. Acad. Med. (1928), C, 813. 
2 Cameron: Jour. Helminthology (1928), VI, 219. 
3 Blackmore: Jour. Royal Army Med. Corps (1928), LI, 262. 
4 Khalil: Jour. Egyptian Med. Assoc. (1928), II, 97. 
