414 REPORT OF THE HARVARD AFRICAN EXPEDITION 
in two instances that the removal of the spleen in apes did not lower their re- 
sistance sufficiently to permit of their infection with human blood containing 
the malarial parasites of quartan and aestivo-autumnal type. 
Halberstadter and Prowazek (1907) were successful in transferring P. pithecr 
from orang to orang but not to lower monkeys. They also transmitted P. mua 
from one Macacus monkey to another, but not to orangs. Mayer (1908) re- 
ported successful inoculations of P. cynomolgi into Macacus cynomolgus, M. 
rhesus and a species of Cercopithecus. Leger and Bouilliez (1912) were able to 
infect four species of Macacus, three species of Cercopithecus, and Papio anabis 
with P. inut, but failed to infect C. fuliginosus and two chimpanzees. 
Blacklock and Adler also failed to infect the mosquito Anopheles costalis 
after feeding it upon a chimpanzee infected with malarial parasites. 
The question of whether monkeys may act as hosts for the malarial para- 
sites of man is obviously an important one, for in parts of Africa, the Ituri 
Forest for example, plasmodial infection of monkeys is not uncommon. While 
most authorities agree that in many instances no morphological differences in 
the malarial parasites in man or monkey can be distinguished, since the parasites 
of monkeys have not yet been successfully inoculated into man, the human and 
the monkey species cannot definitely be regarded as identical. However, it 
seems possible that the relationship between them may be somewhat similar to 
that between the human and animal trypanosomes. It will be recalled that 
Taute and Huber failed to infect one hundred and thirty-one human beings by 
the inoculation of blood containing animal trypanosomes (7’. brucet or rhode- 
siense). Therefore no very sweeping conclusions regarding host specificity can 
be drawn from the inoculation of two human beings with the blood of a chim- 
panzee on two different occasions. In some of the experiments the individuals 
might have been immune or the parasites at the time of inoculation might not 
have been in virulent form and apparently no control animal was inoculated with 
a portion of the same blood employed in the human experiments. 
The Bat, Petalia grandis. — In Liberia, also, plasmodia were found by us in 
the blood of the bat, a species of Petalia (or Nycteris) grandis (Illustration No. 
400, page 492). Dionisi, as early as 1899, described two plasmodia occurring 
in the blood of bats, one of which he named Plasmodium murinum and the 
other Plasmodium melanipherum. These were said to resemble somewhat in 
their morphology the quartan plasmodium in man, Plasmodium malariae. 
Other Animals. — Rodhain, Bequaert, Pons, and Van den Branden 2 have also 
found in the Belgian Congo a similar plasmodium, Plasmodium brodeni in the 
blood of the jumping rat, Petrodromus tetradactylus, and Rodhain * in the same 
region, another similar one of the P. malariae type in the blood of the epaulet bat 
Epomophorus franqueti. The flying fox in Australia Breinl found was parasitized 
by a species of Plasmodium resembling P. vivax of man. Laveran ‘ has also de- 
scribed a species of Plasmodiwm which was discovered by Vassal in a squirrel in 
1 Dionisi: Arch. Ital. de Biol. (1899), XX XIII, 153. 
2 Rodhain, Bequaert, Pons, and Van den Branden: Bull. Soc. Path. Exot. (91S), Vi. 182. 
3 Rodhain: Bull. Soc. Path. Exot. (1915), VIII, 726. 
4 Laveran: Comp. Soc. Biol. (1905), LVIII, 350. 
