ANIMAL PARASITIC INFECTIONS 427 
for parasites. In Dendraspis viridis, a species of tree snake, species of haemogre- 
garines were found in the blood and film preparations made from the spleen and 
liver. Haemogregarines were also found in Crocodilus cataphractus and Os- 
teolaemus tetraspis as well as in Bufo regularis. 
OTHER SMALL ANIMALS 
Among other small animals in which parasitic infections were observed were 
the following: 
(1). Ina lizard Agama colonorum from Liberia a nematode was found in the 
intestine by Theiler which has been described by Sandground as Oswaldocruzia 
agamae, a new species (see page 468). In five specimens of this lizard the filariid 
worm Saurositus agamae Macfie,! 1924, was found in the vascular system. In 
the intestine of the same lizard were found Strongylurus brevicaudata Miiller,” 
1894 (Oxyuroidea), and some very small flukes and a cestode which Sandground 
was unable to identify owing to shrinkage of the material. 
(2). In the lungs of a frog, Rana fasciola from Liberia, a species of the trem- 
atode Pneumonoeces was encountered. 
(3). In a bird, Elanus caeruleus shot by Allen in Liberia, nematodes were 
found in the orbital cavity, posterior to the nictitating membrane, which have 
been described by Sandground as Oxyspirura elani, new species (see p. 483). 
(4). In a mongoose, Crossarchus obscurus, from Liberia, in which small 
tumor-like cysts, 3 to 5 mm. in diameter, were found in the intestine, each con- 
tained a single spiruroid nematode larva coiled in the form of a figure eight. 
This parasite has been described as a new species by Sandground under the name 
of Agamospirura liberiae (see page 484). In another species of mongoose, 
Herpestes albicaudus which inhabits most parts of Africa except in the north, 
Diphyllobothrium latum has been reported while in Herpestes ichnewmon of north- 
ern Africa, Asia Minor, and Palestine, Echinococcus granulosus has been found 
in the larval stage. 
Witp GAME 
With reference to the parasites of wild game, almost every animal shot was 
found to be infected with some animal parasite. Just as the rate of intestinal 
infection among human beings is very high in Africa and in most other portions 
of the tropical world, so the rate of intestinal parasitic infection is very high in 
African animals. Parasites were encountered in Thomas’s cob, the bush buck, 
water buck, reed buck, duiker, wart hog, topi, different races of buffalo, hippo- 
potamus, elephant, lion, and leopard, as well as in the monkey, gorilla, and mon- 
goose, and in the cobra, puff adder, and python. One might expect an even 
higher rate of parasitic infection in animals in Africa than in the human inhabi- 
tants, since generally even by instinct animals can protect themselves little 
against such infections. However, the wild animals have probably acquired 
through generations of infection greater tolerance or immunity against many of 
1 Macfie: Ann. Trop. Med. and Parasit. (1924), XVIIT, 409. 
2 Miiller: ‘‘Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates,” by Yorke and Maplestone (1926), p. 222. 
