430 REPORT OF THE HARVARD AFRICAN EXPEDITION 
and Heller ! and several other authors state that the litter usually consists of two 
or three members. 
Wart Hog (Phacochoerus africanus Gmelin). The wart hog (Number B07) Is 
peculiar to Africa. Apparently comparatively little is known in regard to its 
parasitic fauna, though a few intestinal parasites have been recorded. In an 
animal shot in the Eastern Belgian Congo, in the Ruchuru Plains, lesions were 
found in the liver, spleen, and lungs. These measured from 1 to 5 or 6 cm. in 
diameter. They were slightly raised above the normal surface of the liver or lung 
and some of them were whitish in color. On section, they proved to be cysts, 
some with thick walls, many containing fluid under pressure which spurted out 
when the cyst wall was incised. On microscopical examination of preparations 
made by scraping the wall of the cysts of the liver, spleen and lungs, scolices 
possessing a number of minute hooklets were observed. In the lungs some 
daughter cysts were found within the mother cysts. One gland at the base of 
the larynx also contained a cyst with a thick wall. The gall bladder was greatly 
distended with bile, one of the cysts with fibrous growth surrounding it, appar- 
ently pressing upon the common bile duct. The gall bladder itself was appar- 
ently normal. The tissues were preserved in Zenker’s solution and alcohol. Film 
preparations were made from the liver and spleen. No evidence of infection 
with other parasites than Hchinococcus was found. Sections of the tissues upon 
histological examination show typical structures pertaining to Hchinococcus 
granulosus (Nos. 361-363). One sees in places the typical wavy and lami- 
nated membrane of the Echinococcus cyst wall enclosed in a dense capsule, pro- 
duced by the surrounding host tissue. Within the laminated membrane may be 
distinguished the lining multinuclear, parenchymatous or germinal layer of the 
cyst. In places inside this lining parenchyma the embryonic tissue has sepa- 
rated in its central portion where accumulation of fluid has occurred. From the 
parenchymatous lining may be seen springing smaller and larger buds which in 
places are numerous. ‘These smaller buds are sometimes elevated on short stalks, 
while the larger ones are frequently detached and are present in clusters of from 
two to six. In the larger spheres, developing scolices can be distinguished. The 
rostellum in these scolices is already invaginated with the crown of hooklets and 
in some instances the four suckers, facing downward or inward. Others of these 
spheres may perhaps be regarded as acephalocysts; at least no structures suggest- 
ing scolices can be distinguished in them, although in some the parenchymatous 
proliferating layer of the cyst can be recognized. There is some infiltration 
of the tissues of the organs surrounding the fibrous capsule which encloses the 
parasites and this infiltration is composed particularly of round cells. How- 
ever, the parenchymatous tissue of the liver, spleen, and lungs, away from the 
cyst walls, appears to be but little altered. Dévé? has recently made a careful 
study of the cuticulization of the proliferating membrane of Echinococcus. 
Stiles * gives as hosts of the cystic “‘hydatid” stage of Echinococcus granulosus 
1 Roosevelt and Heller: Loc. cit. * Dévé: Ann. de Parasit. (1927), V, 310. 
8 Stiles: Illustrated Key to the Cestode Parasites of Man. U.S. Hygienic Lab. Bull. No. 25 (1906) 
p: 76. ‘ 
