448 REPORT OF THE HARVARD AFRICAN EXPEDITION 
furrow or cavity. In cross-sections of one of these areas the larva is usually seen 
to be surrounded by a rim of epithelium except at one point near the head where 
the mouth parts have apparently pierced for nourishment. In these areas there 
is marked infiltration of the corium with round cells and leucocytes. In other 
parts of the epithelial wall enclosing the larva there may be extensive cellular 
infiltration of the corneal and mucous layers of the skin. The mucous layer 
itself may be proliferated and considerably thickened, particularly at the lower 
end of the cavity formed by the developing larva. To judge from the cellular 
reaction in the corium and the hypertrophy of the epithelium, one might sup- 
pose that the parasite would occasion considerable inconvenience to an animal 
with at least a more highly organized nervous system than an elephant.’ 
In this same elephant there was an abscess about 5 em. in diameter near the 
base of the right tusk from which pus exuded. Microscopical examination 
showed the ulcer to be of a bacterial nature and this was confirmed by the study 
of sections of the tissue. It seems entirely possible, however, that the site of this 
abscess might have been primarily the seat of invasion by the fly larva (Ruttenia), 
the lesions having become secondarily infected with bacteria. 
The liver of this elephant was also not entirely normal. Sections of it show 
that in certain lobules and more toward the center of the lobules the liver cells 
are filled with a large amount of granular bile pigment. There are also evidences 
of healed central necrosis of the lobules with some regeneration of a number of 
the liver cells. In places the hepatic cells are pushed apart and the sinusoids 
filled with red blood corpuscles. There is a moderate amount of chronic passive 
congestion. ‘These healed lesions perhaps represent some earlier infection dur- 
ing the many years of the animal’s life. (The elephant was a full-grown male, 
eleven feet, three inches in height, and with massive tusks.) 
It is of some interest to note that Fasciola hepatica as well as Echinococcus 
granulosus have been reported from the livers of Asiatic elephants.’ 
Blood examinations were made of all the elephants, as well as in the case of 
all the wild game shot, but no trypanosomes or other parasites were found in the 
blood. ‘The flies and ecto-parasites collected from elephants are referred to by 
Bequaert (Chapter XXXVI). 
Antelope (Cobus; Cervicapra; Tragelaphus). Examination of the blood of 
antelopes shot for food was made, particularly with reference to the presence 
of trypanosomes. The commonest of them was Cobus thomasii. However, the 
large water buck, Cobus defassa, reed buck, Cervicapra arundinum, and bush 
buck, T’ragelaphus scriptus, were also often shot and examined for parasitic 
infection. In none of the antelopes we examined in the Ruchuru and Ruindi 
plains were parasites encountered in the blood. The only parasitic infection 
found in Cobus thomaswi was an occasional mild abdominal infection with Setaria 
hornbyt which gave rise to no visible disturbance. This parasite apparently is 
recorded for the first time from this animal. The antelopes appeared to be 
1 Another of these oestrid or bot-like flies was encountered in the nostrils of one of the hippopota- 
muses, which has also been identified by Bequaert as Rhinoestrus hippotami (page 975). 
2 Neveu-Lemaire: Loc. cit., p. 371. 
