458 REPORT OF THE HARVARD AFRICAN EXPEDITION 
Leopard, Felis pardus. In a leopard, Felis pardus, shot in the eastern Bel- 
gian Congo, the nymphs of a linguatulid Armillifer moniliformis Sambon,’ 
1922, Porocephalus armillatus Stiles 1908, were found in the liver. Sambon 
gives as hosts for the adult form, Indian python (Python molurus), reticulated 
python (Python reticulatus). For the nymphal form: man (Homo sapiens), 
macaque monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), rhesus monkey (Macacus rhesus), a 
Sumatran monkey of undetermined species, tiger (Felis tigris), leopard (Felvs 
pardus), Indian civet (Viverricula malaccensis), domestic dog (Canis famili- 
aris), Indian otter (Lutra nair). Sambon has reported sixteen cases of infection 
of man with the nymphal form of this parasite. 
Railliet mentions the leopard as one of the definitive hosts of the human 
parasite Echinococcus granulosus, and Braun calls attention to the fact that 
it may harbor Diphyllobothrium latum. Neveu-Lemaire ? says that the leop- 
ard is also probably a host of Paragonimus ringeri in India, and may be capable 
of harboring Dracunculus medinensis. 
In another leopard shot by a native near Yakusu, the autopsy material 
of which was secured through the kindness of Dr. Chesterman, the stomach 
and small intestine contained numerous nodular areas measuring from about 
1 to 3 em. in diameter, lying in the submucosa, the mucosa and underlying 
tissues being pushed upward into the lumen of the intestine. Sections of these 
nodules revealed the presence of encysted parasites. In some instances a small 
opening in the mucous membrane communicated with the interior of the nodule 
or cavity in which the parasites were visible, but in other instances the mucosa 
appeared to be still intact over the nodule. 
Histological study of the sections shows that the nodules lie in the sub- 
mucosa. The epithelium above becomes increasingly thinned as one approaches 
the area of submucosa in which the nodules are situated, and in some areas 
over the center of the nodule the epithelium has entirely disappeared. In some 
sections the surface of the nodule is covered still by the muscularis mucosae; 
in other instances this layer has also disappeared. Many of the epithelial 
cells are degenerating and desquamated. In the submucosa there is a very 
dense cellular infiltration, particularly of lymphocytes and plasma cells. In 
other portions of the tissue there are small areas of necrosis with a deposition 
of fibrin and many degenerating polymorphonuclear leucocytes. In the central 
portion of the nodules are observed transverse sections of the nematodes. Out- 
side the more acute areas of infiltration the tissue is more fibrous in character, 
with small islands of infiltrating cells. 
The nematode encountered in these lesions has been identified by Sand- 
ground as Gnathostoma spinigerum Owen, 1836. The length of the male para- 
site is about 5 mm., while the female is approximately twice as long. This 
parasite has been reported previously in the stomach or intestine of the wild 
cat Felis catus, the puma Felis concolor, the tiger Felis tigris, and the domestic 
cat (India). Leiper considers Gnathostoma siamense to be identical with Gnath- 
1 Sambon: Jour. Trop. Med. and Hyg. (1922), XXV, 202. 
2 Neveu-Lemaire: Ann. de Parasitologie (1927), V, 377. 
