116 CLUB TYPES OF NUCLEAR POLYNESIA. 
shaft; furthermore, we have found no compound mount in which the 
angle is other than proximal. 
We next investigate the specific character of the panels, not at first 
in the matter of their surface finish, but rather in their structural rela- 
tion to the shaft. In the pieces having roughened panels we have 
recorded in each case the fact that the roughened surface covers the 
lower face of the head, which in every case is rounded. More or less, 
but always some, of the upper face of the head, including the aspect 
which with the lip forms the distinctive angle, is distinctly indicated as 
a continuous part of the shaft. In the very decorative clubs with 
worked panels the same continuity of shaft is quite as distinctly indi- 
cated on the upper aspect, although the panel occupies appreciably 
more of the height of the sides of the head; in this species 3 of the pieces 
have the panels continuous from one side tothe other over the lower edge 
of the head; 2, however (3186 c and 3179), exhibit the panels as sepa- 
rated along the lower edge by a plain stripe from edge of head to end of 
panel about one-half inch in width. This parting band may be seen in 
Plate XI, figure b. In the 4 full-sized pieces of the third species the 
rugose panel is continuous over the lower edge, and even in the reduced 
specimen 2495 the presence of the mere notches along the lower edge is 
to be considered as expressive of the same feature. Along the upper 
aspect the shaft continuity is reduced in its expression to the fact that 
the top of the head in the distinctive angle is as smooth as the face of 
the lip opposite it. 
Now we shall essay an interpretation of these types as based upon 
panel differentiation. Thereto we postulate a type of axe-mount in 
which the lip types the projection of the head of the blade; the head in 
at least its upper aspect types the distal projection of the shaft beyond 
the socket perforation. ‘This form having been conventionalized to 
such an extent that the lip, originally stone or shell, has gone over into 
the wooden member of the group, we shall examine its adaptation to 
the purpose of a longitudinal mounting of the edged blade. 
Roughly paneled species—I regard the surfacing of this panel as 
diagnostic. In contrast with the high finish of the wood of the shaft, 
this is distinctively indicative of difference in material. This I can 
only interpret as the contrast of stone surface with polished wood. 
We thus see the postulated shaft in its conventionalized form excavated 
for the reception of a stone blade. We thus comprehend the presence 
of the sharp line of demarcation between shaft and proximal edge of the 
roughened surface; it stands for a shoulder against which the end of the 
stone was seated in order to prevent motion down the shaft. At the 
distal end of the head we have the cutting-edge projecting beyond 
the protecting wood of the shaft. This protection in the helving of 
stone or shell blades is essential and real; such blades may receive an 
edge which is impossible to wood, but they have the tendency to 
