EVOLUTION OF THE CLUB TYPES. II5 
perforation at an angle which may vary from the right angle with the 
general extent of the shaft to a very considerable cant in the outward 
direction. Considering the end of the utensil in this type of mounting, 
we find four points which call for notice. Two pertain to the wood of 
the shaft; proximally a certain note is made in shape or in ornament to 
set apart the function of the extremity; distally we are under struc- 
tural necessity of a certain projection of shaft beyond the blade- 
socket. The other two pertain to the blade. On the upper edge of 
the shaft the pointed end of the blade extends for some distance beyond 
the wood and becomes a noteworthy character; on the lower edge we 
find the blade tending to approximate the distal projection of the 
shaft, according as the angle of setting diverges from the right angle. 
In the second setting a subsidiary mounting of the blade is carved in 
the form of a hollow cone into which either of these blades is jammed 
and held securely lashed by ties of sennit or rattan. This subsidiary 
mounting may then be thrust through a perforation of the shaft, but 
this is the far less usual form by reason of the fact that a perforation 
large enough to accommodate the wooden mount would call for such 
an increase in the size of the shaft as to make the implement quite 
unwieldy. More commonly this subsidiary mount is lashed to the 
distal end of a shaft, either naturally crotched or scooped out to afford 
a practicable bearing. As the former mount tends away from the 
right angle with the shaft in the distal direction, this mount, on the 
other hand, tends away in the proximal direction. In each of these 
mounts we have been able to trace the progress from that in which 
the cutting-edge lies athwart the shaft to that in which it lies in the 
direction of its length; that is to say, from the adze or primitive type 
we progress in a constant series of angular diversity to the axe. 
In the critical details of the lipped clubs we seem to recognize certain 
of the features of each of these axe-mounts of the stone or shell blade 
in a combination which would not be possible to workmen who re- 
tained a clear impression of the prototype. 
Thus the lip and head extension would stand for the upper projec- 
tion of the blade and the necessary extension of the shaft in order to 
give support to the perforation. But in that case we should look for 
the cutting-edge on the lower side of the shaft in projection of the 
forward face of the lip. 
Again, when we direct our attention primarily upon the lower units 
of the club, the blade, the head, and the panel, we recognize the sub- 
sidiary mounting in which the blade is either set within a hollowed 
frame or is set between slabs of wood which allow no more than the 
edge to protrude and give their support to the remainder of the blade, 
which is fragile in its length. We have found no simple mount in 
which the generally distal angle of the blade relative to shaft has pro- 
gressed so far as to give a mount wholly in the line of the extent of the 
