CHAPTER IV. 
EVOLUTION OF THE CLUB TYPES. 
It is incumbent upon me to present this theme with great nicety of 
detail in order that the reader may be led in the direction of the con- 
clusion which has been forced upon me in the intricate task of ordering 
the clubs by types and of studying the meaning of every unit of struc- 
ture as the clubs passed through my hands. 
In the study of the actual weapons of the types to which I have 
assigned the designations of ula, mace, talavalu, lipped, pandanus, and 
axe-bit, I have convinced myself that we have to do with wooden 
metamorphs of similar clubs in remote prehistory in which the effective 
head was stone or shell hafted in wood. This conviction I hope to be 
able to communicate with the aid of the illustrations and of the detailed 
measurements. 
At the time of discovery by European navigators, Nuclear Poly- 
nesia was found in possession of stone utensils, but we have no record, 
nor have the islanders themselves any tradition, of the employment 
of stone-headed weapons. The adze was in constant use, a mass of 
hard volcanic rock, polished, worked to a cutting-edge, and mounted 
with its edge transverse to the wooden handle, to which the stone was 
applied with great ingenuity, the summit of this art being preserved 
in the museum in the several ceremonial adzes deriving from Mangaia 
and Rarotonga. Minor edged tools were subsidiary to the adze, stone 
chisels, drills, scrapers of various uses, and particularly the some- 
what highly specialized scraper employed for the shredding of the 
dense meat of the coconut in order to extract therefrom in combina- 
tion with the water of the nut, that emulsion which enters so largely 
into the island dietary and has become known as the milk of the coco- 
nut, a thing quite unaccountable in the popular saying, because the 
milk never is in the coconut, but is a product of the ingenuity of man. 
The extent to which stone cutting-tools were in employment is indicated 
by the fact that all our dictionaries of the region afford us the word 
foanga, or some dialectic form thereof, with the definition of grind- 
stone, a misnomer, since the stone was not rotated, but served as a 
rubbing-stone or whetstone. Thus, while we are fully assured of the 
employment of the hafted stone blade as a domestic and industrial 
implement, we have no knowledge as to the use of hafted stone in 
warfare. 
In this lack, Nuclear Polynesia is set apart from the later culture 
of its dominant race, for in the regions of settlement by Tongafiti folk 
we find abundance of stone armament. It is equally set apart from 
all the tangled Melanesian cultures to the westward through which 
we postulate the leisurely migration of the Proto-Samoans upon their 
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