4 CLUB TYPES OF NUCLEAR POLYNESIA. 
the Melanesian of Fiji as simple and in the course of the study of the 
material shall endeavor to point out upon the geographical base such 
correspondences of the manner of these artifacts as may be observed to 
subsist between Fiji and other areas of Melanesia. In the Polynesian 
element it is feasible through linguistic methods to apportion the pre- 
dominating element, whether Proto-Samoan or Tongafiti, to the 
various island units. The extent of the contamination of Fijian with 
Proto-Samoan and of Fijian with Tongafiti may not now be stated in 
gross; we shall note in detail the distinction of the contamination factors 
when they arise in connection with the study of individual types of 
club forms. 
Samoa in its present state is of the Proto-Samoan migration source, 
with an overlay of the Tongafiti. 
Tonga is principally Tongafiti, with a bottom layer of the Proto- 
Samoan. 
Niué has a large amount of linguistic material not elsewhere to be 
identified. If my interpretation of certain facts in the life of Niué be 
correct, we find here a Proto-Samoan community which has been able 
to oppose a stout resistance to the harrying Tongafiti. It has long 
been the custom of Niué to kill all newcomers rather than admit them 
to the island life, and it is peculiarly significant that in the language of 
the island the designation of all strangers and of everything foreign, 
therefore to be destroyed, is still tonga. It does far more than suggest 
a recollection of Proto-Samoans fighting for the peace of their own 
life against the cruel Tongafiti. 
Futuna and Uvea, lying within the triangle, close to the Samoa- 
Fiji side, show a very nearly equal admixture of the two Polynesian 
elements. In the material at present available it has proved impracti- 
cable to differentiate the two islands in this particular. In many 
cases where one speech shows Tongafiti stock the other is quite as 
clearly Proto-Samoan, and these differences appear in each direction 
without any regularity. 
Fiji itself is affected in language by Polynesian very nearly to the 
extent of half, and we find evidences of varying admixture with one or 
other Polynesian element. If there were better records of the great 
dialect diversity of Fijian speech it might be possible to delimit the 
two elements by area. In general it may be noted that the Tongafiti 
element most strongly appears in southeastern Fiji, Viti i Lau, where 
the Tongans have exerted a great influence during modern historical 
periods. ‘To leeward, Viti i Ra, there occurs valuable material which 
tends to establish several of the differences which set the Proto-Samoan 
apart from the Tongafiti. 
Rotuma is probably to be regarded as carrying an admixture of the 
Melanesian akin to the Fijian with the Proto-Samoan and practically 
no Tongafiti. In linguistic examination it offers particular puzzles by 
