142 GRAMMAR OF SA‘A AND ULAWA. 
d. All the words expressing relationship or kindred except those for 
wife and husband and also mwela S. ‘elekale U. child. 
These nouns are marked in the dictionary with (ku). Certain of 
this class are marked with (na, ni) which denotes that the pronoun is 
suffixed only in the third person, and in the case of 17 is used of things 
only. In the case of the remaining nouns possession is denoted by the 
addition of the ordinary personal pronouns. 
2. Formation of nouns: Nouns which have a special termination 
showing them to be nouns substantive are (a) verbal nouns, and (b) 
independent nouns. 
a. Verbal nouns are formed from verbs by the terminations nga, td, 
la, laa, ha, haa, a: mae to die, maenga death, maeta death feast, maelaa 
S. macha U. sickness; si‘o to harm, s1‘ohaa evil plight; hatale to go along 
the beach, hatalea, shore, coast. 
The form Ja generally denotes the gerundive and always has. the 
suffixed pronoun attached. Similarly hd generally denotes a gerundive 
and is seldom used without the sufixed pronoun. In the dictionary 
words ending in hd, ld, ta, which are never used without a suffixed pro- 
noun, have the hyphen attached. 
There are certain adjectives to which the termination nga is attached, 
diana good, diananga goodness; ‘aela bad, ‘aelanga badness, paine 
painanga badness; but it is probable that these adjectives are really 
verbs. (See diana.) 
b. Independent nouns: The only termination is na, and this is 
(1) added to nouns which express relationship or kindred, and (2) 
appears also to be attached to cardinal numerals to form ordinals. 
1. Nouns so formed are always preceded by certain prefixes which 
mark reciprocity of relationship or of kindred, ma, mwa, ha‘1, the nu- 
meral ro two, or the plural articles mu and mwa: nike mother, ro ha‘t 
nikena mother and child, ro ha‘i nikana ineu my wife and child; mu 
mwa “asine brethren. 
2. Numerals: ‘olu three, ‘olune third. 
As stated before, gerundives are formed by the addition of the suf- 
fixed pronouns to forms in 1a, ha. Tala‘ae to begin, tala‘aechana its 
beginning; ha‘aur1 to save, ha‘aurileku my savior. ‘The third person 
possessive is added to noun forms in hd: repo ripe, repohaana its old 
age, maturity. To neuter verbs the suffix nz or ‘1 1s added: horo to 
kill, horo‘t v. tr., horo‘ilana the killing of him, sdu to kill, sdunz v. tr., 
sdunilada the killing of them. 
In Ulawa certain nouns have double noun termination: weesi to 
catch fish, weesingaha fishing; alida to travel by sea, alidangaha a voy- 
age; tale to be short of, talengaha a shortage. 
3. Genitive relation: The genitive relation of nouns one to another 
is effected by the use of the preposition ni or the shorter form 7, the 
latter being used more commonly in Sa‘a, mwane ni Sa‘a a Sa‘a man, 
walo ni ‘a‘a‘o a fishing-line, poloi haa a piece of money, ‘u‘uz he‘u a star. 
