144 GRAMMAR OF SA‘A AND ULAWA. 
Certain nouns meaning one, ite U., ile U., ‘eta S., ini S., are used with 
or without nga, and with nga mu or nga mwa: ngaite ola a different 
thing, ta mdi ngaile give me one, nga mwaite ‘inoni certain persons, nga 
mwaile some, nga‘eta ‘inoni another, a different man, nga muini some. 
Alat U., ala U., alet S. is used as a noun of multitude: ala1 Mwado‘a 
you people of Mwado‘a, alaile inau my people, ala mwane you men, 
alez ‘inoni you people, alei ola the persons, alei saanau the young men. 
The word ngdu is used familiarly to children of each sex as a voca- 
tive: ro ngdu you two children. 
5. There is no grammatical gender: The words mwane male, keni and 
gaqa female, are added when the noun does not carry a sex distinction. 
6. Relationship or kindred: With the two exceptions of mama‘a, 
ma‘a father and nike mother in vocative employment, the nouns of 
relationship are always used: 
a. With a suffixed pronoun, ‘asiku my brother, never ‘as1; 
b. With the termination vd and with a reciprocal prefix ha‘i or mwa: 
ro hat nitkana mother and child, ro mwa ‘adine brethren, mu mwa‘asine 
brothers. 
The terms mama‘a father and teitez in the vocative are addressed by 
the parent hypocoristically to the boy or girl. 
The word denoting friend is always used with the sufixed pronoun, 
malahuku my friend, ro ha‘t malahune the two friends. 
PRONOUNS. 
According as they are employed, pronouns may be classifled as, 
(a) those used as the subject or object of a verb; (B) those suffixed to 
a verb or to a preposition as objects; (c) those suffixed to nouns 
substantive. 
A. PRONOUNS USED AS SUBJECT OR OBJECT OF A VERB. 
Sa‘ A. ULawa. 
Singular: Singular: 
I. 1neu, NOU, NO, Ne. I. inau, nau, na, ne. 
2. 1 00, ‘0. 2. 1°0¢, ‘0. 
3. inge‘te, nge‘ie, inge’t, nge‘t, 3. inge‘ia, nge‘ia, nge, ¢. 
Nge, é. 
Dual: Dual: 
Inclusive: 1. tkure, kure. Inclusive: 1. tkara‘i, kara‘i, ikara, kara. 
Exclusive: 1. 1‘emere‘i, ‘emere‘i, ‘emeru‘e, Exclusive: 1. t‘emere‘t, ‘emere‘t, mere‘i, mere. 
meru‘e, mere‘i, mere. 
2. t'omoro’t, ‘omoro‘i, moro‘i, 2. t‘omoro'i, ‘omoro‘t, moro‘t, 
moro, t'omoru‘e, ‘omoru‘e, moro. 
moru' é. 
3. tkireru‘e, kireru‘e, kereru‘e. 3. tkoro‘i, koro‘t, koro. 
Plural: Plural: 
Inclusive: 1. zki‘e, ki‘e, ikolu, kolu. Inclusive: 1. iki‘a, ki‘a, ika‘elu, ka‘elu. 
Exclusive: 1. i‘emt, ‘emi, t‘emelu, ‘emelu, Exclusive: 1. ‘ami, ‘ami, i‘emelu, ‘emelu, 
melu. melu. 
2. vomu, ‘omu, t‘omolu, ‘omolu, 2. ‘amu, ‘amu, t‘omolu, ‘omolu, 
molu. molu. 
3. thkire, kire, tkira‘elu, kira‘elu. 3. tkire'i, tkira, kira, tkira‘elu, 
kira‘elu, kelu, kilu. 
1. The use of the initial 7 gives distinctness and force. The forms 
beginning with 7 are never used by themselves as the subject, but are 
