GRAMMAR OF SA‘A AND ULAWA. ISI 
Mune‘: U. and haro S. denote subsequence of action, the particles ‘a 
or ko precede them. 
The illative is s2 and means then, thereupon, in that case, following 
on, for the first time; the verbal particles ko, ke, ‘a, ‘ana‘i may precede it. 
The particle ka‘u follows the verb: (a) it denotes a preterite. (bd) it 
gives a sense of incompleteness to the action described. (c) it mitigates 
the directness or harshness of a request or of a command. 
3. Negative particles: The foregoing particles are not used in nega- 
tive sentences. The negative particles are ka‘a, sa‘a S.; qa‘ike, qake, 
qa‘t, gale, si*e, si Uz 
a. Of these ka‘a, ga‘ike, gake, qa‘i, gale may be used either of present 
or past time. 
b. sa‘a, si‘e are used of future time, and si‘e and s7 are used as strong 
dehortatives. 
c. Anegative imperative is used with mwane lest, and with the dehor- 
tative su‘uri don’t. In Ulawa the particle ‘e may be added after the 
subject. Both su‘uri S. and si‘e U. are used in negative conditional 
sentences. In Sa‘a the particle ke is used preceding su‘uri, but it is not 
used before mwane. 
d. The genitives u1, 1, are used to denote purpose. 
4. Suffixes to verbs: There are certain terminations which, when 
suffixed to neuter verbs or to verbs active in only a general way, make 
them definitely transitive, or determine their action upon some object. 
These are of two forms: 
a. A consonant with 7: ha, lt, m1, N1y ngt, st, or ‘2 by itself; ¢. g., 
tonohi, potali, adumt, raangi, maesi, hoa‘t. 
A less common suffix is na: ara, arana; this sufix may possibly be 
the ending of the word diana good or of paina big, to each of which 
words the suffix is added. 
b. The termination a‘i which is suffixed by itself to nouns to convert 
them into verbs, sato satoad‘i. The forms in ‘2 and 4‘i are also used 
intransitively: pele by mischance, pele‘: by mischance, ‘olo‘oloa‘i to 
stagger. When ‘7 is suffixed to verbs the genitive nz is also added; 
su‘u, su‘ue‘ini; and a‘ini forms a transitive sufix. To this form d‘ini 
the consonants h, 1, m, n, ng, 7, t are prefixed; e. g., ‘urihe‘int, tahela‘ini, 
onoma‘ini, loond‘ini, hi‘inge‘ini, sikera‘ini, papata‘int. 
c. When the object is separated from the verb the suffixes “1, hz, etc., 
are omitted and the third possessive is used as the object. 
d. When the verb is used intransitively the nz of the compound 
suffix is dropped. 
e. Certain participles are formed from verbs by the addition of the 
compound suffixes, ni being omitted; e. Boy oroma‘l, rapute1, luheta‘s, 
moutei. The compound sufhx erchatt ni is used intransitively, ta‘e, 
ta‘ela‘t. 
Some verbs take both forms of the sufix: rdpu, rdpusi, rapute‘ini; 
‘ala, ‘alami, ‘alama‘ini; siki, sikihi, sikihe‘in. 
