152 GRAMMAR OF SA‘A AND ULAWA. 
f. The syllabic suffix ha‘ini is used with certain verbs as meaning 
with: olo to swim, oloha‘ini to swim with a thing. 
5. Prefixes to verbs: These are causative and reciprocal. 
The causative is ha‘a; it may be prefixed to almost any word, and it 
may be used with verbs which have a transitive sufhx. 
The reciprocal is ha‘t. “This sometimes denotes repetition or contin- 
uance of an action. With the addition of the adverb /o‘u again, hai 
denotes a change or an addition. In ha‘i‘amasito have compassionate 
feelings ha‘1 is comparable to Florida vei in veiarovi to take pity on. 
6. Passive: The passive is expressed by the use of the third personal 
pronoun plural kire S. kira U. as subject with the verb and the adverb 
‘oto already; kire, kira, are also used impersonally. 
The gerundive is used with the verb Jae, to go, in expression of the 
passive: sdunilana e lae ‘oto his being killed. This usage 1s more com- 
mon in Sa‘a. The force of the gerundive is either active or passive. 
7. Reflexive verbs: ‘The word maraa-— with sufhxed pronouns denotes 
reflexive action: ¢ sdunie maraana he killed himself. 
8. Reduplication: Verbs are reduplicated inthree ways. There is no 
difference among the various forms beyond an intensification. Inthe dic- 
tionary the reduplicated form is presented under the entry of the stem. 
a. By repetition of the first syllable or of the first two syllables: 
sulu, susulu; qanio, qanigenio. 
b. By repetition of the whole word: dsu, dsuesu. 
c. By repetition of the whole word with the omission in the former 
member of the inner consonant: domu, do‘udomu. ‘This is found only 
in Sa‘a. In Ulawa there is also a repetition of the first syllable with 
the addition of euphonic 2: sdsu, sdisesu. 
ADVERBS. 
There are pure adverbs in Sa‘a and Ulawa, but many words used as 
adverbs are truly nouns and others are verbs, adjectives also may be 
used in this employment. 
The locative 7 is used with adverbs of place and time and it precedes 
every place name. The demonstrative nd S. ni U. is suffixed. 
Place where is regarded as place whence, after the habit of the usual 
Melanesian idiom; ‘urei standing at, has the force of from. 
PREPOSITIONS. 
I. Simple prepositions: 
Locative, 1. Instrumental, ana, ani, eni S. 
Causation, haahi. Relation, ana, dni, ent S., pea S., mai U., hike, sie-, saa- S. 
Motion to, tako‘s S., tale U., isuli, ‘ohi. Genitive, ni, i. 
Motion from, mwaant. Position, parasi, U., sisinge S., hora U., honost, ahu‘t. 
Dative, huni S., muni U. 
The locative 7 is seen compounded in 7te1, thei where. 
With the exception of the locative, the instrumental, and the geni- 
tive all the foregoing prepositions are used with a suffixed pronoun. 
