GRAMMAR OF SA‘A AND ULAWA. 153 
Of the two instrumental prepositions ana is the ordinary one, denot- 
ing with. When the noun denoting the instrument is not preceded by 
an article, or when the noun is used in a general sense, dni is used in the 
place of ana: lae ant 1‘ola to go by canoe, dni eu with music, ana nga 
taa why, dni taa with what things. dna also denotes at, in, place 
where, from among; dnz is also used as neuter plural, from among, da 
nga muini ent take some of them. dna denotes the actual instru- 
ment, dui denotes the method of action: sdunie dni noma kill him 
spear-wise. In Sa‘a dni is used in the composition of nouns, supi 
ent heu a stone club. 
From meaning at saa-, sie— comes to have the meaning of motion to. 
Cf. ‘ure. 
2. Compound: These are mostly nouns used with the locative; the 
pronoun is sufhixed as the actual object, or as anticipatory object when 
a noun follows: i haho above; 1 haha S., 1 oroha— U., below; i lengi 
on top, above; 7 keke U., by the side of, beside; 7 /a‘o-, 7 lalo within. 
Some are constructed from verbal nouns to which the suffixed pro- 
noun is always added: ‘oliteku in my place, in place of me; honotana 
on his behalf. 
Certain verbs are used as prepositions: Joosi to await, kara‘ini near 
to, ha‘atauli far from. ; 
CONJUNCTIONS. 
(  Copulative, na. Disjunctive, wa. 
Adversative ta‘e, ta‘e pe‘ini S., ta‘a, Conditional, ana. 
na ta‘a U. Illative, 57. 
Connective, ‘oto. 
A mark of quotation is uri. Neither . . . . nor is expressed by a 
negative followed by wa. The reason for an objection is introduced 
by wa uri. Untilis hula ana or lat hula ana. Saro shows consecu- 
tiveness of action. 
NUMERALSr 
The numerical system is decimal, all numbers above the tens are 
expressed in tens. 
The cardinals are: 
I. ‘eta, ta‘ata‘a S., ta‘e U. 5. ‘¢ lime S., ‘e lima U. 9. ‘e siwe S., ‘e siwa U. 
2. ‘e rue, ‘e rua U. 6. “e ono. 10. “¢e tangahulu, awala. 
3. “e ‘olu 7. ‘e hiu. 
4. °¢ hai 8. “e walu. 
In numbers other than ‘eta one the ‘e is omitted in quick counting; 
‘eg is also omitted as a general rule with ro. 
In composition one is ta‘ata‘a, two Is ro. 
The prefix to‘o forms distributives, to‘ota‘e ola one thing at a time. 
Walu eight is used also as an indefinite number, as also awala the 
tally of ten. Tangahulu is the tenth of a series. 
