MELANESIAN ANNOTATIONS ON THE VOCABULARY. 71 
this island the word had been retained and was employed as a general 
designation of the larger animals, and when the hog was reintroduced 
by European voyagers it took the new name horu. In Samoa also 
puaka is generic of any of the larger animals, while retaining its specific 
application to the hog. It may have value in connection with the 
social history of swine in the Pacific to note that in Samoan puaka is 
not permissible in the presence of chiefs. In the courtesy speech 
its place is taken by alou or more generally by manuvaefa, the four- 
legged animal or quadruped. I have been unable to verify Powell’s 
statement that there were two pigs, one named puaka, the other alou, 
for my most learned informants declare that the latter is no more than 
the name of the same animal in courtesy speech. In Melanesia puaka 
is found in two widely separated localities. In its unmodified form 
we note its occurrence in Lifu and Nengone. In my earlier note I 
suggested its introduction by Samoan missionaries. ‘This does not 
now seem to me a valid suggestion; it would apply only to Lifu and 
not at all to Nengone; it is unlikely that from Samoan pua‘a the New 
Caledonians and Loyalty Islanders could restore with such precision 
the missing palatal mute. The boako of Rubiana is quite removed 
from the possibility of such missionary contamination. Accordingly 
we prefer to regard these instances as survival of the passage of the 
Polynesian migrations, the kava people of the ingenious and import- 
ant social classification established by Rivers, one (Rubiana) along the 
Samoa stream, the other a derelict on the Viti stream. 
pakasi type, ztems 4-17.—I had formerly noted that 6 bwokas and 
7 bwakas, both of Efaté, marked the transition phase from puaka to 
pakasi. ‘This should be withdrawn, for the bw is clearly no more than 
a manifestation of the frequent uncertainty of the Melanesian use of 
the labials, of which we have many examples. We are still more 
debarred from the explanation that the pu of puaka is due to Poly- 
nesian inability to pronounce the labial, for in all those languages 
the labials are very precisely enunciated. Inasmuch as puaka is noun 
substantive and therefore not subject to the addition of formative 
suffix, we have no means of determining if ever it had a final s, but 
since we have three forms (3-5) which could be used in the open 
type of Polynesian speech, we must feel sure that, so far as concerns 
the final syllable, pakasi could not become puaka. Rejecting the 
suggestion as to w in 7 bwakas, for it is not at all vocalic but only an 
excrescence on the consonant b, we are equally certain in the rejection 
of association of the two forms so far as relates to the earlier portion 
of the words. ‘This is clear when we examine the syllabification of 
the words, pu-a-ka and pa-ka-si. Before the k we have in Polynesia 
two syllables; we have no knowledge of a single case in Oceanic speech 
in which a consonantal syllable such as pu has lost its essential vowel 
and has united over the gap to form a new syllable such as pa of 
