MELANESIAN ANNOTATIONS ON THE VOCABULARY. 85 
languages of the plane of development occupied by the Polynesian 
we find a differentiation of two parts of the naso-mandibular region, 
isu the nose, gutu the mouth. Yet in the less-advanced thought of 
Melanesia we find in many instances that the two organs have not 
yet been permanently differentiated and that one or other of these 
accretion forms does duty indifferently for mouth or nose. A similar 
diffusion obtains in English snout and German schnauze. We do 
not encounter this primal su short of Sissano; it recurs in Indonesia 
among the Subanu, a people not distinctly superior in culture, as 
soong. 
The Polynesian shows in its determinant forms isu and gutu a formal 
distinction of the earlier vowel to separate the nose vocable from the 
mouth vocable. Yet Viti udhu shows that this is not wholly constant, 
for udhu, clearly a mutant of usu, is employed in the sense of isu; 
and an intermediary form, ushu of Kapingamarangi, is of great signifi- 
cance. ‘The two types, i and u, interlace throughout Melanesia with- 
out distinction of sense; our knowledge of none of this material is 
yet so intimate as to admit of the determination whether the two 
words interchange as vocables or whether the two organs have not 
yet been particularized for specific naming. In the foregoing tabu- 
lation items 1-21 are of the i series, 22-33 of the u series. Except 
for 13 vies and 15 in-gidjin, the latter vowel, which I assume to be the 
vowel of the primal stem su, remains constant. Regarding uies in 
conjunction with 12 wesu, reported from the same island, we have no 
difficulty in regarding it as a variant of wesu after abrasion of the 
final vowel. Aneityum is so crabbed in speech that we are very chary 
about the establishment of derivations which involve the action of 
mutation principles based upon our material from that speech alone. 
It is possible that gidjin is an isu derivative; there is sufficient resem- 
blance to warrant its inclusion in the series, but its anomalies must 
not be admitted to the argument. 
Before discussing the extrinsic modulation elements we shall best 
examine the suite of the s of the primal stem su. It remains unaltered 
i items 1, 2, 12-14, 16, 20-23, 26-27, 29-33. It passes to z in 3-4, 
24; to sh in 5, as in Polynesian Moiki and Kapingamarangi; to the 
mutes, d in 6 and 25, tin 7. “These are all mutations downward in 
the lingual series, from weak to strong. There is also mutation 
upward, progressive weakening. It passes from sibilant to aspirate 
in 10, 17-18, 28; it passes to the liquids, r in 8, 1 in 9; it becomes 
extinct, probably through the aspiration, in 11 and 19. 
We find the advanced stems isu and usu modified by consonant 
prefaces. The preface most frequent in employment is nasal, the 
lingual n of the same series as the stem consonant s, this being found 
in 16-19 and 29, for the CABE metathesis nusu—sunu is clear; the palatal 
ng is found in 14 and 27, from the latter of which 28 guhu depends, 
