46 SISSANO. 
derivation by dictionary etymologists from Malay pandang, meaning 
conspicuous, lacks both accuracy and sense. From 16 to 21 we find 
the same treatment applied to a working stem lacking the initial labial; 
19 arariim is here included, but with some doubt, for the rim element 
is incongruous and we lack data upon which to explain it. In 22 
and 23 we find an ara stem after final abrasion, and in 22 dar we find a 
step slightly weakened from the semivowel stage which occurs in 14 war 
and 15 wal. In 24 and 25 we find the archetypal faran reduced by 
frontal abrasion. Probably this represents an archetypal aran not 
yet differentiated by the initial labial, and the abrasion in 24-25 is 
then not syllabic, but merely the wearing off of frontal a. 
Il. arau sun. 
REFERENCES: Melanesische Wanderstrasse ,133d. Deutsch-Neuguinea, 200:10. Ray, 501:135. 
1. garo Galoma. 8. aru) Rubi. 
2. galo  Sinaugoro. 9. alo Efaté, Malo, Tangoa, Wuvulu, 
3. haro Keapara, Kerepunu. Aua, Kaniet. 
4. arau Arop, Sissano. 10. aloan Ninigo. 
5. ratte Sér. 11. al Marshalls. 
6. ar6 ___— Barriai. 12. at Graget. 
7. aro Hula. 13. ant Bilibili. 
This stem falls quite short of the Polynesian family; in fact, with 
one notable exception, it is confined to the region of New Guinea 
and the Bismarck Archipelago. ‘The exception is 9 alo, which appears 
at three stations of record in central Melanesia. It is quite impos- 
sible from the slight available material to determine whether the 
consonantal prefix in 1-3 pertains to an earlier stem or has been 
assumed in conformity with some local influence; we note that the 
forms are narrowly restricted to a single region in Papua. ‘The series 
6-9 involves no difficulty, and 10 aloan is probably alo compacted 
with a modifier whose sense we are unable at present to determine. 
The Marshall Islands lie outside our province, but 11 al is readily 
derived from alo and we include it here as providing the connecting 
link whereby the 1-t mutation may establish the place of 12 at and, 
with the addition of the principle of nasal preface, may set 13 ant 
in the series. In these studies we find abundant evidence of the 
employment of diphthongal au in place of 0; therefore 4 arau is readily 
derivative from alo, and 5 rau follows by frontal abrasion. 
12. at stone. 
REFERENCES: Melanesische Wanderstrasse, 135. Deutsch-Neuguinea, 211: 103. 
Ray, 500: 133. Subanu, 115. 
POLYNESIAN. 
fatu) Samoa, Tonga, Niué, Tahiti, Faka- | hathu Rotuma. 
ofo, Futuna, Aniwa, Fotuna, | whatu Maori. 
Sikaiana, Manahiki. haku Hawaii. 
vatu _—*vViti. atu Mangareva, Mangaia. 
hatu) Kapingamarangi. 
