106 SISSANO. 
in the New Hebrides, the Solomons, and Torres Straits. The Malay 
47 benua is characteristic of the Polynesian at large, but apparently 
it is not critical in the establishment of Tongafiti or Proto-Samoan 
provenience. ‘The forms in b are characteristic of the most advanced 
languages of Indonesia, wholly lacking in Polynesia, and somewhat 
infrequent in Melanesia. The Bugis 49 wanua occurs only in the 
Duke of York (12), but the employment of the labial semivowel is 
exhibited in the Maori and Bukabuka whenua. ‘The mutation of the 
former vowel of the putative stem anua exhibited in 51 bonoa recurs 
only in the small Melanesian group 8-11 and possibly in a degradation 
group of forms in 25-27, 32-33. [he other two language provinces 
yield us no parallel for the Philippine forms in -noa, but the move- 
ment may exist in 9-11, 13, 43, and 45. ‘This group of standard forms 
is extended over western, central, and northern Indonesia. The second 
group of forms (52—-55) entails the reduction of -nua, to -na, and this 
change is accompanied throughout by e as the former vowel. As 
already stated, the only method by which we can comprehend this 
alteration is to regard -nu as a new stem established by abrasion 
and then subjected to vocalic mutation of u. A list of such mutant 
forms has already been presented; here we have to do with -na, which 
occurs in 30 and 33. None of the forms in this group is exactly found 
in Melanesia, but we note that the group is narrowly restricted to 
eastern Indonesia. | 
10. ar pandanus. 
26. pandan = Malay. 28. panrang Bugis. 
27. pandang Macassar. 
These three forms are distinctive of the Indonesian treatment of 
the archetypal stem faran and are quite congruent inter se. ‘The 
mutation n-ng has come frequently under our notice in the course of 
these examinations. The Bugis is generally of a more primitive type 
than the present standard of the Malay and remains considerably 
closer to the Polynesian originalin such loan material. In this instance 
it gives us the introduction of the support of the preface of the nasal 
of the same series as expressive of some slight difficulty in reproducing 
the distinctive r of faran; the same preface continues through the 
Malay and Macassar effort to compass the stronger liquid, and in 
these two instances the effort has resulted in the leap from the easiest 
phonation of the labial series to the mute at the other extreme, a 
linguistic principle upon which we have already commented at length. 
II. arau sun. 
14. alo Celebes Alfuro, Napu. 19. lear Kei, Banda. 
15. alu Celebes Alfuro. 20. lea Massaratty. 
16. endo Celebes Alfuro. 21. leamata Bahasa. 
17. lara Aru (Wokau). 22. riamatai Bahasa. 
18. laor Aru (Udjir). 23. lean Celebes Alfuro. 
