INDONESIAN ANNOTATIONS ON THE VOCABULARY. 115 
The Indonesian affiliates form so consistent a series that there can 
be no doubt of their association with the common Polynesian forms, 
and the terminal denudation of the latter is exactly paralleled in 
Indonesia by 48, 58, 61, 66, and probably by the greatly mutilated 
forms 76-77. The vowel strength of the word lies in the pair u-a, and 
this has undergone but little modification and that in mutations which 
are well established; we find o-a in 44, 63, and perhaps 76-77; the 
less frequent u-a mutation is evident in 53 and 72. ‘The central liquid 
follows the recognized mutation series through the interesting passage 
to the semivowel in 61 fuya and thence to extinction in 62 fiian and 
67 wuan. The mutation to extinction of the initial labial is typical. 
For the inclusion in this suite of 76 o’ro we find some argument in 
the frontally abraded forms 73-75 and the establishment of the o-a 
pair; but 77 osa is unusual and would not at all arise for considera- 
tion save for its evident likeness to 76, for the I-s mutation has not 
arisen in any of my studies of Indonesian and Polynesian. The 
Menado form 46 bulrang is anomalous as regards the diverse dupli- 
cation of the central consonant. 
27. daman father. 
32. tama Klemantan, Toradja. 40. amao Amblaw. 
33. ama Sasak. 41. amana_ Bouton. 
34. 4ma Bima. 42. iama Menado. 
35. ama Visayan, Bontoc lIgorot, | 43. yaman _ Sanguir. 
Kolon, Salayer, Liang, | 44. jaman Tobo. 
Lariko, Teor, Saparua, | 45. kiamat  Bolanghitam. 
Awaiya, Caimarian, Wa- | 46. gama Subanu. 
hai, Bahasa, Buru, Celebes. | 47. mama Gah. 
36. a’ma Morella. 48. mam Mysol. 
37. a’mam_ Kayeli. 49. naama _  Massaratty. 
38. amai Ahtiago 50. nama Wayapo. 
39. amaeolo Teluti. 
In the consideration of the Melanesian affiliates it seemed advis- 
able to conduct the examination along the lines of seemingly established 
phonetic principles. Thus the several variants were referred to a 
postulated tama stem. Here in the assembling of the Indonesian 
material we shall find it to our advantage to give particular attention 
to our postulated tama. Is tama the primitive stem? It is the only 
form known to Polynesian, it is by far the most frequent form in 
Melanesia, in Indonesia it occurs but twice, and the languages in 
which it does occur are relatively unimportant. In other words, have 
the Indonesians, who have perfect facility in the use of the lingual 
mute, excised the t entirely? Have the Melanesians, who in but a few 
scattered instances lack t facility, felt the same movement of oblitera- 
tion in nearly half their languages? And having, without cause 
which we can discover, mutilated the tama stem, under what impulse 
of speech have so many Indonesians and Melanesians assumed not 
only one but indeed several initial consonants? 
