INDONESIAN ANNOTATIONS ON THE VOCABULARY. 121 
of volcanic extrusion of the clay which is an essential antecedent of the 
fictile art and of the vocabulary arising therefrom. In Indonesia there 
is some freedom of treatment of the stem, but Viti and Nuguria suggest 
a primitive kuro; this form dominates Melanesia and is conspicuous 
in Indonesia. In Magindano 26 kuden we find an instance of the r-d 
mutation with which we have made ourselves familiar in these studies. 
This item also presents the final nasal which characterizes so much 
of the Indonesian use of this stem, as n in 23, 26, 28, 30, 31, 32, and 33, 
as ng in 24, 25,and 29. In Melanesia we find three instances of the 
final nasal in 15-17. 
73. pipip butterfly. 
63. pepeue Morella. 67. kalibobo Gani. 
64. pepeul Amboyna. 68. lipopo Barée Toradja. 
65. paopao Ambon, Bahasa. 69. kopokopo Ambon, Bahasa. 
66. kalipopo Minahassa. 70. sosoboba_ Loda. 
In this series it is easy to trace out the pepe stem, except in the case 
of 69 kopokopo, which is included solely since it occurs with a clear 
instance of pepe in Ambon and Bahasa and may in some obscure way 
be associable through metathesis. The only other instance in which 
we encounter k in association with pepe is 15 paubuuk, credited to 
Tanna and on all accounts to be held as doubtful. Our Melanesian 
inquiry segregated a number of extraneous elements compacted with 
pepe. In Indonesia we find two of these identifiable, -ul in 64 pepeul is 
the same as 29 bebeula, and 69 lipopo and 2 lipepe are clearly the same 
as le-; in 66 and 67 we find kali in representation of the Melanesian series 
kara-kili-, already established. The geographical relation of Mina- 
hassa and Baree Toradja in Celebes is so close that we may compare 
lipopo with kalipopo as divers stages of the same type. Our material 
does not enable us to determine which of these is the primitive type 
in respect of the former element of the compacted form, but we find 
the same diversity extending through Melanesia. In 70 sosoboba we 
find conjoined with a pepe derivative a second element which is unique 
in the history of this word so far as we have been able to trace it. 
74. po areca nut. 
REFERENCES: Melanesische Wanderstrasse, 75: 5. Deutsch-Neuguinea, 202: 24. 
MELANESIAN. 
1. bu Barriai, Jabim, Munuwai, 6. a-bté Palabong, Molot. 
Fezoa, Lemusmus, Nokon, 7. mbue Mouk. 
Uap. 8. a-bid Belik. 
2. mbu Kaimana, Jabim, Suralil, 9. a-mbGo = Lihir. 
Uap. 10. bua Barriai, Kobe, Kilenge, Si- 
3. mi-mbtai Tatau. naugoro, San Cristoval, 
4. po Tumleo, Sissano, Arop. Palau, Wogeo, Eluaue, 
5. boé Keule, Bagail, Majum, Los- Emsau, Kung, Tsoi, Bau- 
suk, Lauan, Panangai, ung, Ngamat, Murua, Ki- 
Lakurumau, Limba, Lan- riwina. 
ganie, Lawu. 
