DISTRIBUTION OF THE MAYANCE LINGUISTIC STOCK. 611 
sponding Quiché term dchi given as a variant for the Tzutuhil; this specifically 
answers the query under Tzotzil in Thomas, rgrt, and is confirmed by the Tzotzil 
quelem for mancebo, youth, and the Tzental quelenmut, gallo or cock, where quelen 
equals male, or macho. 
Second, while the unity of the Chol and Lacand6n of the seventeenth century 
is shown by the history of the Moran manuscript, there are to be expected minor 
dialectic differences; and one of these appears as a marginal note by a different hand, 
on page 43 of the manuscript, where we are told that the sentence, ‘‘Is there corn? 
There is,” which is given in the text as being Ayan ta ixim? Ayan, in Cholti, is 4n 
ixim? Anach,in Lacandon. A thorough study of possible east and west differences 
I have not yet made, however. 
Finally, while I would not want to rest many deductions on the Berendt- 
Rockstroh list, standing alone, nevertheless this list does show a very marked group- 
ing, as follows: First, it is clear that Chol or Cholti is more closely related to the 
entire [zental branch than it is to any of the others, as pointed out by Stoll; next, 
and what we would not have expected for geographical reasons, the northern or 
Yucatan Maya, while frequently distinct from all the dialects to the south of it, 
is nevertheless quite frequently in accord with the mountainous Guatemalan 
dialects, those of the Pokom and Quiché branches, and rarely with the intervening 
Tzental-Chol, which in the majority of cases differs from both the other main 
territorial regions, the south and the north. Further, while in a certain number of 
cases the Chol-Tzental agrees either with the Maya on its north or the Pokom- 
Quiché branches on its south, to the exclusion of the other, these agreements occur 
much more markedly with the north than with the south. Sothat we seem to have 
first, as a time phenomenon, a main division between an archaic or early language 
(directly back of Tzental-Cholt’?) and a modern one (Maya and Quiché-Pokom); 
and second, as a geographical phenomenon, the northern or Maya branch, culturally 
and structurally closer to the Old Empire period than are the southern highland 
branches, the Quiché-Pokom. And this linguistic condition is exactly what the 
archzological evidence would lead us to expect, while the contrary would have 
led to hopeless difficulties in its resulting problems. 
Let us then compare this central group of branches, that 1s, the Chol-Tzental, 
with the Maya on the north and with the highland peoples, the Mame, Quiché, 
and Pokom branches on the south. 
First, in the vocabularies. It is at least worthy of note that in the case of 
what we might call the terminology of the supermundane, or words particular to 
Mayan science, the Chol-Tzental agrees with the Maya rather than with the 
Quiché; such as, for example, the roots of the words for sky, earth, wind, sun, moon, 
star, night, month, year, mountain, metal, stone; and in form, the words for the 
colors and numbers. 
Before taking up the phonological comparisons I must add a brief description 
of the Mayance general alphabet, covering all the branches, which is as natural 
and as essential to their understanding as is the standard Sanskrit for the like 
purpose. We must first note that all stop consonants may be of four orders: surd, 
sonant, aspirated, or ‘“‘cut,”’ the last called herida in the early Artes or grammars. 
In English we have the surds 9, ¢, tz, ch, and c (c palatal, from which 1s also to be 
distinguished a non-English guttural k—Tozzer’s velar k), with their corresponding 
sonants b, d, dz, 7, and g; to these is added in Sanskrit the aspirated series ph, bh, 
etc. In Mayance all sonants except } are wholly wanting, and in their place and 
that of the aspirated series we have a marked peculiarity in the cut or halted series, 
the letters of which sound as if each were successively choked back into the mouth 
and then released again from a dead stop; the expulsion of the breath seems to 
cease completely, and almost to come to an indrawing, before the stop sound is 
