28 THE GREAT EGYPTIAN REVOLUTION. 
conventional ligature which does not give a certain clue to its pronunciation and, therefore, 
has been read in various ways. ‘The Greek pronunciation (‘)Apyas for the above first name 
has been known for a long time; see the bilingual Pap. Berl. 3116, I, 30, with the enlarged © 
forms [Pet]armais II, 25, (P)senarmais II, 27, and compare as a further proof, Griffith, 
Rylands Pap., p. 457.’ 
Egyptologists still hover doubtfully between the explanation of the last part, corresponding 
to Greek -ais, as ah(z), ahet “horizon, splendor’ (still so Spiegelberg, Pap. Berl., 17) or heb 
“festival” (Griffith, Rylands Pap., 457). However, both words, afi and heb, are written 
differently in demotic orthography. ‘The truth is, the group of signs in those personal names is 
abbreviated in a way leaving no trace at all of the original etymology, as we just have stated. 
The only explanation of this is that the name was gradually mutilated to the senseless pronun- 
ciation *Haremh(eb), *Har(e)meh, *Harmah. ‘This mutilation was so strong that its graphic 
expression very early abandoned all connection with the old etymology.” That Manetho 
expresses the name of the old king Har-em-heh of dynasty 19 by Apyats is remarkable; 
we should hardly have expected of that historian such a consciousness of the connection between 
the original etymology and the living pronunciation of his age for a name mutilated 1,300 years 
previously, or longer. For the other proposed etymology of both names, “Horus in the hori- 
zon,” and “(may he) live in the horizon”’ (7. e., in splendor, like a rising celestial body), might 
be referred to the fact that, while the inscription at the great sphinx of Gizeh (Letronne, Recuezl 
d’Inscr. II, 467) calls the sphinx the god (H)armachis, Diodorus I, 64, speaks of the king 
Apuatos who built the first pyramid, meaning exactly the same name as above. With this 
writer, however, that mutilation of the name Har-(e)m-ah(z) [older ’;ht, akhet| ‘“Horus in the 
horizon”’ does not mean very much. We can admit that the late abbreviation Harmah may ~ 
have included also the rarer name Har-(e)m-akhet in parts of Egypt where the pronuncia- 
tion of the gutturals began to be confounded, but this does not alter the fact that the popular 
name, after becoming meaningless, is to be traced back in the first line to ‘““Horus in the festival” 
(z. e., the god at his best time, in his best appearance, in his most clement mood, as Griffith had 
correctly supposed). 
This discussion of the original etymology may seem useless here, but it will be seen from the 
result that the second name [“An|ha-m-(a)h|eb], Khamah, *Chamais, ‘‘(may he) live in the festi- 
val,’”’ seems to be formed after the first. This would militate somewhat, of course, against the 
fact established above, that the name Harmais, Har-mah, had become meaningless for the multi- 
tude. If Manetho, however, still knew the old etymology of the mutilated name Harmais and 
connected it with the king Har-em-heb, the scholars of Thebes may well have known as much as 
he, so that they were able to form the second name, Khamah-Chamais, after the first. Therefore 
the formation of the names discloses that Chamais was the successor of Harmais. ‘The same con- 
clusion was reached by Spiegelberg (Demot. Pap. Berlin, p. 17) by a different method, 7. e., from 


1See also the corresponding name Thotmais (?) Griffith, Rylands Pap., 464. 
2 Thus, already in the inscription of Amen-em-heb (ult.), Ma-hu occurs as a familiar abbreviation of this name, i. e., Mak. We 
can trace such mutilating abbreviations of long names and their strange orthography (which gives up conserving any trace of ety- 
mology) to the pyramid time. Cp. the analogous mutilations of English names like Dick, Jack, etc. The above-mentioned abbre- 
viation Ma-hu is very common in the New Empire; see Lieblein, Dictionnaire de Noms Index. Its frequency is explained by the fact 
that also other names, containing various divine names composed with ‘‘in the festival,’’ could suffer the same abbreviation. 
