VOTIVE CHARACTER OF VICTOR DEDICATIONS. 37 
Exhortation to the Arts.! In this essay the eminent physician con- 
tended that the athlete was a benefit neither to himself nor to the state. 
When we study the brutal portraits of prize-fighters on the contempo- 
rary mosaics of the Baths of Caracalla at Rome, we can see to what 
a, the old athletic ideal had sunk, and the justness of his rebuke.? 
— 
ee 
That chariot and hippic monuments were votive in character can 
scarcely be doubted. Pausanias distinguishes between gymnic victors 
and equestrian ones.’ All authorities agree that equestrian monu- 
ments were different in origin and character from those of other victors.4 
(Gardiner believes that if the Olympic games developéd out of a single 
event, it was not the stade-race, but the chariot-race or heavy-armed- 
race. | He shows that the custom of making the stade runner epony- 
mous for the Olympiad is not earlier than the third century B.C., and did 
not arise from the importance of that event, but from the qeciene of 
its coming first on the program and first on the list of victors.? | /Eques- 
trian monuments were dedicated at Olympia all through antiquity, 
from the sixth century B.C to the second A.D. ‘The oldest was that of 
the Spartan Euagoras already mentioned, who won in the chariot-race 
three times in Ols. (?) 58-60 (=548-540 B.C.).6 The latest dated 
example is that of L. Minicius Natalis of Rome, who won in Ol. 227 
(=1294.D.).’- Some of the inscriptions pertaining to equestrian groups 
are in verse,® while others are in prose.? Most of them have the usual 
dedicatory word évé6nxe,'® or the formula Avi ’Od\vuTiw," while others 
have the word coTnoe” and a few have no dedicatory word at all.” 
The question arises, then, whether ordinary_victor monuments in 
the Altis were votive in the sense th pt sexe equestrian ones were, or 
merely honors granted to the pana The crown of wild olive was 
merely-a temporary reward suiting the occasion of the victory. ‘The 
privilege of setting up a statue was granted in order to perpetuate 
the f: fame of that occasion. In a well-known passage Pausanias 
1 porpemr txds Noyos Eri ras Téxvas.. For translation, see Gardiner, p. 188. 
*See Secchi, Mosaico Antoniniano, and Baum., I, p. 223, fig. 174. 
8VI, 1.1: roujoacba kal irr aywnoray prhunv Kal avdpSv a0dnrav. 
4See Dittenberger, Inschr. v. Ol., p..239. 
5Pp. 272-3. 6P., VI, 10.8; Hyde, 99 b and p. 44; Foerster, 77-9. 
TInschr. v. Ol., 236; Foerster, 686. It was the custom also at Delphi to dedicate chariots; 
thus we have already mentioned that Arkesilas IV of Kyrene dedicated his chariot there after 
a Pythian victory in Ol. 78.3 (=462 B. C.): Pindar, Pyth., V, 34f. An inscription tells us of a 
bronze wheel being dedicated to the Dioskouroi: J. G. 4., p. 173, 43a. 
8F. g., Inschr. v. Ol., 142 (Pantares); 160 (Kyniska). 
9F. g., ibid., 143 (Gelo); 178 (Glaukon); 190 (son of Aristotle); 191 (Agilochos); 194 (son of 
Nikodromos); 197 (Antigenes); 217 (Lykomedes); 222 (Gnaios Markios); 233 (Kasia Mnasithea). 
10Thus ibid., 142, 143, 236. 
NTbid., 178, 190 (aan phied): 191 (supplied), 194, 197, 217, 227, 233 WA ts 
27bid., 160. 137 bid., 177. 
