ZESTHETIC JUDGMENTS OF CLASSICAL WRITERS. Sh 
interesting passage in Greek literature on criticism of art.! Hehas 
Sokrates go to the sculptor Kleito and compliment him on his power of 
representing different physical types produced by various contests, 
noting differences between statues of runners and wrestlers and between 
those of boxers and pancratiasts. When asked how he makes statues 
lifelike, Kleito has no answer, and the philosopher says it is by the imi- 
tation of real men, 7.¢., nature. He adds: ‘Must you not then imitate 
the threatening eyes of those who are fighting and the triumphant 
expression of those who are victorious?’ ‘Though some have thought 
that these words refer to portrait statues, which were spoken of as a 
matter of course at the beginning of the fourth century B. C., it is more 
reasonable to suspect that Sokrates was speaking of the older sculptors 
—for we may recognize Polykleitos in Kleito2—and consequently that 
he is not referring to portraiture. In the Symposium of Xenophon? 
Sokrates also complains that the long-distance runners (do\rx06pdp0t) 
have thick legs and narrow shoulders, while boxers have broad shoul- 
ders and small legs, and he therefore recommends dancing as a better 
exercise than athletics. As such differences in physique occur 1n vase- 
paintings of the date, but not in statuary, the philosopher seems to be 
speaking of athletics and not of sculpture. From these quotations 
of Aristotle and Xenophon, we gather that the all-round development 
of the pentathlon made beautiful athletes, and this beauty must have 
been carried over into their statues. It is essentially the young man’s 
contest,’ and some of the pentathlete victors at Olympia and elsewhere 
were noted for their strength in after life. Thus Ikkos of Tarentum, 
who won at Olympia in Ol. 76 (=476 B. C.), was the best teacher of 
gymnastics of his day.° Gorgos of Elis was the only athlete to win 
the pentathlon four times at Olympia, besides winning in two running 
races.° Another Elean, Stomios, who won three prizes at Olympia and 
Nemea, later became a leader of cavalry and beat his enemy in single 
combat.’ The Argive Eurybates, victor in the pentathlon at Nemea, 
was very strong, and later, in a battle with the Aeginetans, killed three 
opponents in single combats, but succumbed tothe fourth. The Spar- 
1Mem., III, 10.6-8. For his visit,to the painter Parrhasios, see tbid., 10.1-5. 
2Following the suggestion of Klein, II, p. 143, and W. L. Westermann, Class. Rev., XIX, 
1905, pp. 323-5. The latter gives several examples of similarly shortened forms of names and 
believes the passage in Xenophon emphasizes the fact that Polykleitos was employed at 
Athens. Plato frequently mentions Polykleitos by his full name:-e. g., Protag., 328 C (sons 
of Polykleitos), 311 C (Polykleitos and Pheidias). P. Gardner justly observes that the 
statues of Polykleitos “however beautiful, are scarcely life-like?’ Prince. Gk. Art., p. 15, 
n. 1; Grammar, p. 17. 
317, 17: ra oxédn ev maxbvovrat, Tovs yous bé NewTUVOYTAL, K.T.X. 
4See schol. on Plato, Amatores, p. 135 E; cf. Epiktetos, Encheir., Ch. 29. 
5P., VI, 10.5; Oxy. Pap.; Hyde, 97; Foerster, 240; cf. Krause, Olympia, pp. 302 f. 
SHis date is uncertain: P., VI, 15.9; Hyde, 149; Foerster, 767-772. 
7P., VI, 3.2; he won at Olympia some time between Ols. (?) 99 and 102 (=384 and 372 B. C.): 
Hyde, 23; Foerster, 335. 
sieeeo: tdt., VI, 92; LX, 75; cf. Krause, I, :pp,.495-—6. 
