94 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VICTOR STATUES AT OLYMPIA. 
day.! We learn their dates from Africanus.? After the date of the last 
of these victories, Ol. 204 (=37 A.D.), the Elean umpires, in order to 
check professionalism, refused to allow contestants to enter for both 
events.? To win the crown of wild olive in both these events was 
therefore regarded as a great honor, and in the Olympic lists a special 
note was made of such victors, who were called wpd&ros, devrepos, 
Tpiros, K. T. dX.» &y ‘Hpaxdéous.4. They also received the title of 
mapaootos or mapadotovixns.© Statues of Herakles, like those of Her- 
mes and Theseus, were commonly set up in gymnasia and palestrz 
throughout Greece,® and it was but natural that Olympic victors, 
especially those in the two events mentioned, ‘should want their 
statues assimilated to those of the hero. ‘The difficulty of deciding 
whether a given statue is one of Herakles or of a victor is even greater 
than that of distinguishing between statues of victors and those of 
Hermes or Apollo. To quote Homolle: “Maintes fois, comme pour la 
téte dOlympie, comme pour plusieurs autres encore, on peut se deman- 
der si le personnage représenté est le héros luiméme sous les traits d'un 
athléte ou un athléte fait a l'image du héros.’’ In reference to the 
statue of Agias by Lysippos discovered at Delphi, which is an excel- 
lent example of the assimilation process which we are discussing, he 
continues: “‘Jcz en particulier, étant donnée la nature du monument, il est 
permis de supposer que lauteur . .. ait voulu élever le personnage a la 
hauteur idéale du type divin en qu’ Agias ait été assimilé a Heéracles.’’8 
We shall discuss a few examples of this process of assimilation to 
types of Herakles. Our ascription of the head from Olympia mentioned 
by Homolle, which was found in the ruins of the Gymnasion, to the 
BV 2 heLUn 
2These victors were Kapros of Elis, who won in Ol. 124( =212 B. C.): Hyde, 150; Foerster, 474, 
475;he had two statues, the remains of which may have been recovered: see Bronzen v. Ol., Tafelbd., 
Pls. II, III; Aristomenes of Rhodes, who won in Ol. 156 (=156 B. C.): Foerster, 505-6; Proto- 
phanes of Magnesia ad Maiandrum (ad Lethaeum in P., 7. c.), who won in Ol. 172 (=92 B.C.): 
Foerster, 538-9; Marion of Alexandria, who won in Ol. 182 (=52 B. C.): Foerster, 579-80; Aris- 
teas of Stratonikeia, who won in Ol. 198(=13 A. D.): Foerster, 609-10; Nikostratos of Aigeai in 
Kilikia, who won in Ol. 204 (=37 A. D.): Foerster, 621-2. 
’Two men entered later, but were disqualified: Sokrates, who won in wrestling (?) in Ol. 232 
(=149 A. D.): Foerster, 704; and Aurelios Ailix, or Helix, of Phoenicia, who won the pankration 
in Ol. 250 (=221 A. D.): Foerster, 734. See Dio Cassius, LX XIX, 10; Philostr., Heroicus, III, 
13 (p. 147, ed. Kavser); cf. Ph., 46 and note by Juethner, ad loc. Ailix won in both events on the 
same day at the Capitoline games in Rome, which no one had done before: Foerster, /. ¢.; Frazer, 
TILT 625% 
4Such victors were numbered in two ways; some authorities in the way mentioned above, 
é. g.. Dio Cassius, /. c.; others numbered them debrepos, rpiros, k. T. d., ¢. g-» Africanus; cf. Rut- 
gers, pp. 73 f. and n. 1, and p. 97 and n. 2. 
‘See F. Kindscher, Die herakleischen Doppelsieger zu Olympia, Jahn’s Archiv f. Phil. u. 
Paedag., II, 1845, pp. 392-411. 
6P., IV, 32.1 (statues of the three in the Gymnasion at Messene). He mentions, IX, 11.7, a 
Gymnasion and Stadion of the hero near the Herakleion in Thebes. 
TB. C. H., XXIII, 1899, pp. 455-6. 
8On the difficulty of distinguishing statues of victors from those of Herakles, see also Arndt, 
La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg, Text, p. 138, to Pl. 94. 
