STATUES REPRESENTING VICTORS IN VARIOUS CONTESTS. 189 
it convenient to follow in the main the order of contests as they appear 
on the Oxyrhynchus Papyrus'—the stade-race (o7dévov), double race 
(ditavdos), long race (dd\xos), pentathlon (évra#\ov), wrestling, 
(7adn), boxing (7vé), pankration (rayxparvov), hoplite-race (6mXirns), 
chariot-race (réOpirmrov), and horse-race (xé\ns)—except that we shall 
class the four running races (nos. 1, 2, 3, and 11) together and include 
the three boys’ contests (raldwy orddvov, Tan, TUE, nos. 8, 9, 10) under 
the corresponding men’s events. ‘The classification of competitors by 
ages (#Atktac), which varied at different festivals, will need a word of 
explanation. While athletes at Nemea, the Isthmus, and Delphi were 
divided into three classes, watdes, ayévevor, and avépes,? at Olympia 
they were divided into two, maides and dvdpes.2 At local competi- 
tions there was a more elaborate classification. Thus at the Boeotian 
Erotidia, boys were divided into younger and older;* at the games held 
on the island of Chios there were five divisions, boys, younger, middle, 
and older ephebes, and men;° and at the Athenian Theseia, the boys 
were divided into first, second, and third classes, while an open con- 
test also existed for boys of any age.® Girls at the Heraia at Olympia 
were similarly divided into three classes.’ Plato proposed three classes 
of athletes in his Lazws—atécxol, avdpes, and a third class, ayévevor, 
between boys and men.® ‘The classification of athletes at Athens into 
matoes and avdpes, adopted by Boeckh, Dittenberger, and Dumont,? 1s 
now the one generally followed. According to it the watées were sub- 
divided into three classes, those r7s tpwrns nALKias, THs devTeépas, and 
THs TplTys; and so the dyévetor were merely the matdes tTys TpiTns 
nvuktas. ‘Lhe boys, including the ayévevor, ranged from 12 to 18 years 
old; at 18 they became é@nBor or avdpes..° We have already seen that 
the age of boy victors at Olympia was over 17 and under 20." 
1See Grenfell and Hunt, Oxyrhynchus Papyrus, II, 1899, pp. 222 f.; Robert, O. S., Beilage, 
opp. p. 192; Diels, Hermes, XXXVI, 1901, pp. 72 f.; Koerte, ibid., XX XIX, 1904, pp. 224 f.; 
Weniger, Klio (Beitraege zur alten Gesch.), IV, pp. 125 f.; V, pp. 1 f. and 184 f. 
2Late inscriptions mention “Pythian” and “Isthmian boys”: see F. M. Mie, Quaestiones agon- 
isticae ad Olympia pertinentes, Diss. inaug., 1888, p. 48; Dittenberger, Sylloge,? II, nos. 677-8; the 
ayéveto. and d&vdpes at Nemea are mentioned by Pindar, Ol., VIII, 54. The boys in these con- 
tests were probably aged 12-16, the a&yéveror, 16-20 (cf. Roberts-Gardner, Greek Epigraphy, II, 
p. 166), and the men over 20 years old. 
3For Olympia, see P., VI, 2.10; 6.1; 14.1-2; etc. ale Got Laloot 
5Dittenberger, op. cit., II, no. 524: éenBwv vewrepwr, MET, mT pecButT Epo. 
67. G., Il, 444. For op Panathenaia, see Suidas, s. 2. flavadjvara; Mommseen, Heortologie, 
1864, p. 141; etc. De Vises ae 8De Leg., VIII, 833 C, D. 
9C. I. G., inscriptions atte to ephebes, e. g., I, 232; 1590; Dittenherser de Ephebts atticts, 
1863, p. 24; Dumont, Essai sur l’ Ephébie attique, 1876, pp. 215-16. This classification is fol- 
lowed by E. Pottier, B. C. H., V, 1881, p. 69. 
10Bussemaker, in Dar.-Sagl., I, Pt. 1, 5. v. athleta, p. 517 (also quoted by Pottier), proposed the 
division into watées, 12-16 years old, a&yévetot, 16-20, and avdpes, from 20 on. Pollux, VIII, 105, 
and Harpokration, s. v. ércécerés, give the ephebe age as 18-20; Xen., Cyr., 1, 2.8, puts the age 
at 16 or 17 for the Persians. 
USee Inschr. v. Ol., 56. On the whole subject, see Krause, pp. 262 f., especially p. 263, n. 3; 
Gardiner, pp. 271-2. 
