214 VICTOR STATUES REPRESENTED IN MOTION. 
turn of the head, and the direction of the gaze are the same as in 
the Dresden Boy. However, as the right arm is raised horizontally, 
Furtwaengler believed that the right hand held a fillet which the 
youth is letting fall into the palm of the left. 
That statues of pentathletes at Olympia were also represented in 
motion 1s shown by the footmarks on the recovered base of one of the 
two statues mentioned by Pausanias as set up in honor of the Elean 
Aischines, who won two victories some time between Ols. 126 and 132 
(=276and252B.C.).! Thesemarksshowthat the statue represented the 
victorin violent movement, since the left foot was turned outwards and 
the right one was brought almost to the edge of the base. 
We shall next consider in some detail how the pentathlete may have 
been represented at Olympia in the three characteristic contests of 
jumping, diskos-throwing, and javelin-throwing. We have already dis- 
cussed the runner, and in a future section we shall discuss the wrestler, 
both of whom contended in these events not only in the pentathlon, 
but also in the corresponding independent competitions. 
JUMPERS. 
Jumping was a well-known contest in heroic days. In Homer, how- 
ever, it did not take place at the games of Patroklos, but only at those 
held by King Alkinoos.?, Quintus Smyrnzus has the Trojan heroes 
contend in jumping,’ and the contest goes back to mythology. Though 
Plato does not mention it, Aristotle does.® Later it became an essen- 
tial part of.the pentathlon, though never an independent contest at 
the great games. It was probably considered to be the most represen- 
tative feature of the pentathlon, perhaps because of the customary use 
of the halteres in the physical exercises of the gymnasium. Jumping- 
weights were, in fact, the special symbol of the pentathlon, and, as we 
saw in the preceding chapter, were often the definitive attributes 
indicated on statues of pentathletes.6 We shall next discuss the 
appearance and use of such jumping-weights. ‘Their form is often a 
sure indication of the date of a statue. 
Juethner has made a careful study of the different shapes of halteres 
and his conclusions have been followed, for the most part, by Gardiner.? 
The halteres do not appear in Homer, but were in existence at least by 
the beginning of the sixth century B.C., and a little later they probably 
appeared on pentathlete statues. To this period belongs the lead 

1P., VI, 14.13; Hyde, 139 and pp. 54-55; Foerster, 451, 456; Inschr. v. Ol., 176. 
7Od., VIII, 103 and 128. On jumping, see Krause, I, pp. 383 f.; Gardiner, Ch. XIV, pp. 295 f.; ete. 
3IV, 465 f. 4Cf. Stesichoros, apud Athenaeum, IV, 72 (pp. 172 f.). 
’De Incessu animalium, Ch. 3 (p. 705 a). 
SAs, e. g.,on the statues at Olympia of the Elean pentathlete Anauchidas (P., V, 27.12) and 
Hysmon (P., VI, 3.10). See supra, p. 164. 
7Juethner, Antike Turngeraete, pp. 3-13; Gardiner, Ch. XIV, pp. 295 f..and J. H. S., XXIV, 
1904, pp. 179 f., (especially pp. 181 f.). The following section is taken chiefly from these two 
sources. Cf. also Bronz. v. Ol., pp. 180-1; Pinder, 4. 4., 1864, pp. 230 f. 
