PANCRATIASTS. 247 
tioned the epithets applied to boxing. Pausanias, in speaking of the 
boxing match between Theagenes and Euthymos, says that the former 
was too much wearied by that contest to enter the pankration, and was 
in consequence compelled to pay a talent to the god and another to 
Euthymos.t In speaking of another contest, between Kapros and 
Klertomachos, he records that the latter told the umpires that the 
pankration should be brought on before he had received hurts from 
boxing.?. Artemidoros states that no wounds resulted from the 
pankration.* However, death by strangulation was often the result of 
the bout. ‘Thus the pancratiast Arrhachion was crowned after he had 
been throttled by his adversary, for just before expiring he was able 
to put one of the toes of his opponent out of joint and the pain 
caused the latter to let go his grip. Pausanias tells also how the 
boxer Kreugas was slain by Damoxenos in the pankration at Nemea, 
but adds that the body of the former was proclaimed victor.® 
The pankration was not known to Homer, though later writers as- 
cribed its invention either to Theseus or Herakles, the typical mythical 
examples of skill as opposed to brute force. It was introduced at 
Olympia in OL. 33 (=648 B. C.),” long after the separate events, wrest- 
ling and boxing, had appeared there. The boys’ contest was insti- 
tuted at Olympia in Ol. 145 (=200 B.C.),8 though it had appeared 
elsewhere much earlier.® It must have been a popular sport at 
Olympia, since Pausanias records statues erected to twenty victors 
for thirty victories in this contest. . 
Vase-paintings’® show many grips and throws of the pankration— 
the flying mare, leg hold,!! tilting backwards by holding the antag- 
onist’s foot, “chancery”’ (1. ¢., catching the adversary around the neck 
with one arm and hitting his face with the other fist), stomach throw 
(1. e., seizing the adversary by the arms or shoulders and at the same time 
planting one’s foot in the other’s stomach, and then throwing him over 
one’s head),” jumping on the back of one’s opponent,! strangling, 
wrestling and boxing combined, and kicking and boxing combined. 
IVT, 6.5. 
2VT, 15.5 Cf. also V, 17.10, where, in describing the boxing match between Admetos and 
Mopsos represented on the chest of Kypselos, he says of 6¢ amorero\unkores TuKTeve w—a hint of 
the dangerous character of boxing. 
3Oneir., 1,62. This, at best, seems to be an exaggeration. *Philostr., 7. ¢. 5V ITI, 40.3-5. 
6To Theseus: schol. on Pindar, Nem., V, 89, Boeckh, p. 465; cf. schol. on Nem., III, 27, Boeckh, 
p. 442; to Herakles: P., V, 8.4. 
trav ieoes Ph. 12; and Afr. NE dR 
9F. g., at Nemea; Pindar composed Nem., V, in honor of the boy Pytheas of Aegina, who 
won in (?) 485 B.C.; it was introduced at Delphi in the 61st Pythiad: P., X, 7.8; at the Isthmus 
in mythical times: P., V, 2.4. 
10Collected by Gardiner, op. cit. Described by Lucian, Anachar., I. : 
2This throw is depicted on the walls of the tombs of Beni-Hasan on the Nile and is practised 
to-day by the Japanese; it is described by Dio Cassius, LXX], 7. 
13 K\ cuaxopds: described by Soph., Trachiniae, 520f., and the schol.; see also Ovid, Met., 1X, 51. 
ropes. 204.51, 1906, pp- 15-16, 
