THE OLYMPIA HEAD AND THAT OF THE AGIAS. 297 
in the hair by alternately flattening and swelling it here and there. In 
neither head is there any sign of the use of the drill to work out the 
tufts of the hair; only the chisel was used.1 
Finally, the whole expression of these two ideal heads is one of force 
and energy, of heroic dignity tempered by pensiveness and pathos, 
which is, in the head from Olympia at least, even a little dramatic. 
Both heads, while ideal, show close observation of nature in modeling 
and expression; and both show the predilection of Lysippos for types in 
which force and energy predominate, and his indifference to the softer 
and more delicate types of manly beauty so characteristic of his con- 
temporary, Praxiteles. : 
In the foregoing comparison, we have tacitly assumed that this mar- 
ble head is from an athlete statue, and, moreover, that it, as the 4gias, 
represents a victor in the pankration, though many have seen in it the 
representation not of a victor, but of a youthful Herakles.2, The swollen 
ears and the band in the hair might pass equally well for either, just as 
the fact that it was unearthed near the ruins of the Great Gymnasion (if 
it were necessary to assume that the statue once stood there) might be 
adduced as evidence for either interpretation; for statues of athletes 
as well as those of Herakles and Hermes (as we have shown in Ch. IJ)? 
adorned palzstre and gymnasia. ‘That the head is of marble and 
slightly under life-size seems to lend some support also to the belief that 
it is a fragment of a statue of Herakles, on the assumption that statues 
of victors in the Altis were uniformly of bronze, an assumption, how- 
ever, not supported by the facts, as will be shown in Chapter VII. So 
some have seen the heroic features of the youthful hero in the yopyév 
of the eyes, the energetic forehead, closely cropped hair, muscular neck, 
and almost challenging inclination of the head seemingly corresponding 
with an energetic raising of the left shoulder.*. In Chapter III we saw 
that swollen ears were of little use in determining whether a given head 
belongs to the statue of a victor or to one of Herakles, since they formed 
no personal characteristic, but only a professionalonecommonto athletes 
and to gods, if these latter were concerned with athletics. Where 
personal attributes are absent, it 1s often difficult, therefore, to deter- 
mine whether an ideal athlete or Herakles is intended, for it may be the 
hero in the guise of the athlete, or an athlete in the guise of the hero. 
The head under discussion, then, may furnish merely another illustra- 
tion of the process of assimilation of type which we have already dis- 
cussed. ‘Thus it is not surprising that some have regarded this head as 

1The use of the drill is seen in the Praxitelian Hermes, but is not seen in the Tegea heads, nor is 
it common in the first half of the fourth century B. C.: cf. Furtwaengler, Mp., p. 309. 
2So Treu, Bildw. v. Ol., p. 208 (though formerly in 4. Z., XX XVIII, 1880, p. 114, he called 
it a pancratiast with Herakles features); Reisch, p. 43, n. 1; Flasch, in Baum., p. 1104 00; Furt- 
waengler, in'Roscher’s Lex. , s. v. Herakles, I, 2, p. 2166; etc. 
3See pp. 75 and 94. 4h. g., Treu, Bildw. v. Ol., pp. 208 f. 5Supra, pp. 167 f. 
