324 MATERIALS OF OLYMPIC VICTOR MONUMENTS. 
Therefore, the 192 monuments (of 187 victors)! which he does mention 
must be only a fraction of the multitude of such monuments which 
once stood at Olympia. Pliny, to be sure, says that it was the custom for 
all victors to set up statues in the Altis;? but this refers only to the privi- 
lege, of which many victors could not or did not avail themselves on 
account of poverty, early death, or for other reasons. Still, the num- 
ber of such dedications must have been very great. Manifestly, there- 
fore, we should not base an argument on the number mentioned. There 
must, then, have been many other artists employed at Olympia, some 
of whom may well have been workers in marble. Besides, of the stat- 
uaries actually named by Pausanias, many do not appear at all in 
Pliny’s work, and many of these may have been sculptors exclusively 
in stone. Of the names found in Pliny, six at least—Kalamis, Kana- 
chos, Eutychides, Myron, Polykles, and Timarchides—appear both 
in the list of bronze-workers and in that of marble-sculptors.* Simi- 
larly, in answer to the second argument that the excavated bases show 
footprints of bronze statues, we must admit that only a fraction of the 
bases which once supported statues in the Altis have been recovered. 
Not one-fifth of the victors mentioned by Pausanias are known to us 
through these bases.® 
The fact that actual remains of bronze statues have been excavated 
at Olympia is matched by the fact that remnants of marble statues have 
also been found; and it does not seem reasonable, in the light of the 
evidence adduced by Treu, Furtwaengler, and others, to reject these 
as fragments of actual victor statues. ‘These fragments include the 
following :° 
(a, b) The two life-size archaic helmeted heads (Fig. 30) which we 
have ascribed to hoplite victors.’ 
(c, d, e) Fragments of statues of boy victors: c=trunk with left 
upper leg, three-fifths life-size (Fig. 78);8 d= breast, one-half life-size;? 
1See Hyde, op. cit., Catalogue, pp. 3-24. There 188 victors are listed, Philon of Corcyra 
appearing twice, nos. 91 and 136. 2H. N., XXXIV, 16. 
8P., VI, 1.1, says that not all victors set up statues. This has been discussed in Ch. I, p. 27. 
4Pliny differentiates carefully between ars sculptura (1. e., sculpture in stone) and ars statuaria 
(7. ¢., in bronze): thus Bk. XXXIV of the H. N. is concerned with the latter, Bk. XX XVI with 
the former. In XXXVI, 15, he says that sculptura is the older, and that both bronze statuary and 
painting began with Pheidias in Ol. 83 (=448-445 B. C.), a statement which is inconsistent with 
XXXIV, 83, where he speaks of Theodoros (of the middle or second half of the sixth century 
B. C.) as casting a likeness of himself in bronze. But it is well known that Pliny in his long work 
quotes from a variety of sources, without any attempt to reconcile them. 
’Gurlitt, Veber Pausanias, p. 414, says, less correctly, one-sixth. Forty inscribed bases may be 
referred to victor statues mentioned by Pausanias, while 63 others have been referred to victor 
statues not mentioned by him: see infra, Ch. VIII, pp. 340 f., 353 f. 
®Taken from Treu’s account in Bildw. v. Ol., pp. 29-34 and 216-218. 
7Chapter III, supra, pp. 162-3; a=Bildw. v. Ol., Tafelbd., Pl. VI, 1-4 (with fragments, ibid., 
5-6, 7-8, and figs. 30-32 in the text); b=zbid., Pl. VI, 9-10. 
*Textbd., p. 216, fig. 241; Tafelbd., Pl. LVI, 2. Furtwaengler, despite the size and material of 
this torso, ascribed it to the statue of a boy victor: sostes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr., 1890, pp. 
147-148; similarly Treu, /. c.; both refer it to the fifth century B. C. and to a Peloponnesian 
sculptor. °Tafelbd., Pl. LVI, 3; F. W., 330. 
