ADAD LEADING A BULL. Dies 
and stands on a winged monster that might be patterned after a lion but for its 
short tail. 
In this connection we may show for comparison the seal in fig. 466 which is 
semi-Assyrian in character, where the god stands on what seems to be a lion, and 
holds in one hand a scimitar and by the other holds the lion in leash, and also a 
ring, which may be a loop of the leash, but the god is not holding a thunderbolt. 
This may be compared with types of deities on animals which we shall have to 
consider when we treat of Assyrian seals. 
Now what deity or deities we have been finding on these seals it is not easy 
to say. One would naturally conclude that the god with the thunderbolt must be 
Ramman or Adad, even although we shall find it conclusively indicated in the next 
chapter that Ramman is the god in a short garment and low, banded cap, with one 
hand behind him and the other holding a mace; while this god has a high-horned 
turban, a long garment, and carries a thunderbolt and has his foot lifted on a bull 
which he leads by a leash. So far as the art is concerned, the two usually seem 
mutually exclusive. Indeed, we have noted cases in which the usual Ramman 
appears on the same seal with the possible Ramman-Adad on a bull. He thus 
appears in fig. 465 on a winged lion or dragon, with the short-skirted god. It is so 
natural to conclude that the god with the thunderbolt must be Ramman-Adad, 
the god of thunder and storm, that we are bound to raise the question whether two 

separate gods, separately figured, neither of which appears in the earliest art, and 
both of which are thus of foreign origin, could originally have been different gods, 
perhaps from different countries, and both later identified as the same under the 
name of Ramman or Adad. We seem to know that Ramman and Adad are the 
same in the later Assyrian texts, but mythology is full of cases in which different 
gods of different nations have been identified. Thus the Roman gods have all 
been identified with Greek divinities with which they had originally no relation. 
There is reason to believe that the Babylonian god’s name was Ramman, while the 
Syrian name of Adad prevailed in Assyria. 
It might be possible that some native Babylonian deity is here represented, 
either a later god like Marduk or a new representation of an old god like Nergal, 
or, indeed, some one of the many local gods that became identified with ruling 
divinities. ‘The dress of the god, the high turban, the long garment with protrud- 
ing leg and lifted foot, of course suggests Shamash, although the scimitar belongs 
to Marduk, and the thunderbolt, the leash, and the bull are new. But the thunder- 
bolt, in one case in another form, is very old. We have seen it in figs. 127, 134, 
where the goddess on a dragon holds a thunderbolt. But here it is a god and not 
a goddess who carries the thunderbolt, and similarly it is a god rather than a god- 
dess who stands occasionally on a lion or a dragon. The bull, it is true, we have 
seen related to a god in figs. 317, 318, but leaping on the seated god’s knees. We 
recall that in the famous seal of Sargon a deity is giving water to a buffalo. 
