174 SEAL CYLINDERS OF WESTERN ASIA. 
We have, however, pretty clear indications, as we shall see when we come to 
consider in Chapters XL and xtvur the Assyrian Adad and the Hittite Adad-Teshub, 
and compare with them the Vested God, as discussed in Chapter xLv11, from what 
source these two separate representations of Ramman, or Adad, came. Under 
whatever name, the god with the thunderbolt seen in this chapter came from the 
north and west and is related to the Assyrian and Syrian Adad and the Hittite 
Teshub, while the Ramman of the next chapter came from the Vested God. 
The god in a long garment, with thunderbolt and leading or standing on a bull, 
may probably be Ramman-Adad under a second form, as we shall see him in the 
Assyrian and Hittite cylinders. The god clothed like Ramman, with scimitar, 
thunderbolt, and dragon, of fig. 464 is certainly not Ramman-Martu, for the two 
appear on the same seal, neither is he the genuine Shamash, for the same reason, 
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and his short garment seems to forbid us to identify him as Marduk. He also 
must be left in uncertainty. We have in these seals problems to be left for further 
light. In fig. 467 we have the god with a thunderbolt leading the bull, with the 
goddess who is usually seen with the Babylonian Ramman (Shala) and three lines 
of inscription. But before the god’s thunderbolt is the character for god, and the 
inscription gives the worshiped god as Adad. 
Not infrequently the god is designated by the thunderbolt over the bull, or 
by the thunderbolt alone, while the god himself is not represented. In fig. 468 
the triple weapon is over the bull, and the conventional goddess is repeated for 
symmetry. In fig. 470 we have the thunderbolt alone, and the gods Shamash 
(probably) and Ramman. In fig. 469 also the thunderbolt stands without either 
its god or the bull, and we have no figure except that of Ramman. But in this case 
a later owner has erased one line of inscription and part of the design, and on the 
erased part put the thunderbolt and the crescent. 
469 


We may add fig. 470a, in which, while the inscription, “Shamash, Aa,” doubt- 
fully suggests that the god is Shamash, and his foot is on the mountain of Shamash, 
his weapons are those of Adad. The rude facture of this cylinder suggests that it 
comes from an outlying province. 
In an article in The Academy of May 11, 1895, Dr. Bonavia suggests that the 
“thunderbolt” held by the god Ramman is derived from a pair of horns fastened 
to a sacred tree. For this conjecture there is no evidence in art; and he is also mis- 
taken in imagining that “the thunderbolt held in Ramman’s hand has a straight 
