178 SEAL CYLINDERS OF WESTERN ASIA. 
is a second standing figure; and under them two figures of Eabani holding between 
them a caduceus, which is an unusual feature. There are also a worshiper carry- 
ing a slender vase and pail, a head, a crook, and a monkey-like figure. With this 
may be compared fig. 213, on which also both Shamash and Gilgamesh appear 
with Ramman, but here there is no doubt that the goddess is Shala, as a worshiper 
stands before Shamash. 
Mm | an 
eid KOM 
isi Pama ee 
PH) MOT =p 

We have remarked that this form of the god Ramman does not clearly 
appear before the time of Gudea. It is rare for it to appear before the time of 
Hammurabi, frequent as it is after this period. I do not remember to have seen it 
on any of the case tablets of the time of the kings of Ur and of Gudea. That 
Ramman was a western god, imported from the north or the west, is accepted and 
his frequent designation as Martu is evidence of it. Whatever may have been the 
mythological confusions and identifications of the gods, it is clear that in art the 
form of Ramman as here given is kept quite distinct from that of the god of the 
thunderbolt, the Adad of Syria, the god who leads the bull or composite animal by 
a thong, who is also often seen on the cylinders of the Middle Empire, and, with 
considered in the last chapter. That the two were 
distinct appears also from such seals as are shown 
in figs. 478, 479, where the Ramman we are con- 
sidering, or Martu, appears together with Adad, as 
usual with one hand brandishing a weapon over his 
s77~ head, and in the other hand holding the thunder- 
bolt and the leash by which he leads a bull or dragon. Similarly in fig. 482 we 
have the two gods side by side and sharply distinguished. 
In fig. 477 we have noticed the wand-like weapon carried by the god, having 
somewhat the shape of a double hammer. We see it more clearly in the shape of 
a hammer in fig. 483. The weapon looks foreign, but is characteristic, as is also 
the round, banded hat or cap. 
While the evidence seems pretty clearly to make this god Ramman, it will 
bear consideration that we have no definite representation of Nebo, and that Nebo is 
designated as god of the scepter, or staff. Yet the resemblance to the Hittite Vested 
God of Chapter xLv1I seems to control our judgment. Martu came from the west. 

