SYRO-HITTITE CYLINDERS: EGYPTIAN STYLE. Zia 
two human figures facing each other. The two naked animal-headed figures seen 
in fig. 817 kneeling about a winged disk on a column are suggestively Egyptian, 
and the worshiper standing each side is clad in the Egyptian shenti. here is also 
a larger worshiping figure, with two ibexes and a lion. We may equally see the 
Egyptian control in fig. 818. Here the Hittite eagle has the head of the ram, sur- 
mounted by a vase and feathers, and the smaller eagle has the head of an animal. 
On each side of the larger eagle is a kneeling, nude personage holding what may be 
the long stem of a flower—a lotus or a papyrus head, or possibly a serpent. But 
in the case of fig. 819 it is evidently the papyrus which the middle one of the three 
figures clad in the shent: holds, and we may presume that the one to the right holds 
the lotus. A worshiper and a small bowing figure stand before the seated deity, 
and there is an Egyptian asp. The guilloche is above and below, as it is also in 
fig. 820, where we’have three deities, one Horus with the head of a sparrow, 
the goddess Sekhet with the head of a lion, and a third human-headed and not 
identified. Before each stands a worshiper. The garments and the emblems are 
quite Egyptian. There are two altars, one columnar and the other a table, beside 
the repeated tat, emblem of stability. In fig. 821 we have a small seal with five 
small figures, the female in a long garment, and the male in the short protuberant 
apron. 
: The only case I recall in which a Syro-Hittite cylinder has an inscription in 
Egyptian hieroglyphs is shown in fig. 822. The guilloche settles the locality, but 
the two figures are absolutely Egyptian in their drawing and attitude. ‘The god is 
Horus, with his worshiper, and the main part of the remaining space is taken up 
with the Egyptian characters which seem to give the name of the owner and to 
dedicate him to the god Horus. 
This class of cylinders may be expected to be nearly all in hematite, and of 
the moderately small size that came into use about the time of Gudea, and were 
replaced by larger ones in the Kassite period, to be even larger in the time of the 
second empire. The influence which produced Syrian cylinders of this style was 
as early as the time of Hammurabi. These Syro-Egyptian cylinders differed from 
the true Babylonian in the border lines close to the edge, in the minute delicacy of 
the crowded design, and also in the Egyptian elements which were at first predomi- 
nant with the domination of the Egyptian religion, brought in mainly by conquest 
and the residence of Egyptian governors of cities or districts who introduced a 
court religion; but later these elemefts were largely lost. ‘This would seem to put 
the date of many of these cylinders as early as 1500 to 1400 B. C., and they might 
well go back as early as the twelfth dynasty. But Egyptian deities did not long 
remain in evidence, making room for those that were native or yielding to the 
more permanent influence of Babylonia. Yet other Egyptian emblems remained, 
such as the sphinx, the crux ansata, and, perhaps from this source, the guilloche. 
18 
