392 SEAL CYLINDERS OF WESTERN ASIA. 
meant on the stele at Senjirli (fig. 1279), and that later it was confined to the rep- 
resentation of Ashur. Indeed, for all we know, Ashur, who was a new Assyrian 
god unknown to the Babylonians, may have been originally a Sun-god, and so at 
first identified or confused with Shamash. At any rate, the winged disk here 
appears to be the emblem of Shamash and not of Ashur. Ashur ought to have the 
first place in the designs, as he has in the inscriptions, and in that case he must 
be represented here by the first of the horned hats, or turbans. 
We have, then, good reason to recognize the coincidence in the order of all 
those emblems that we know with the gods enumerated; and it follows that all the 
twelve emblems can be identified. The order is as follows: 
T. Horned turban, 2 oe es. one ee Ashury? #78; Uhunderboltth ayer et eee ore Adad 
254 Homedatutban, J... dese ayamieitede Anu 8. Column with pineapple top......... . Marduk 
3... Horned starban is wounre-ncremnan aaa Bel 9g. Simple (double?) column ............ Nabu 
4., Column proithitram’ sshead “aay eeeree a Ea 10, Column with two bulls’ (lions’?) heads. Ninib(?) 
Grabescent tsetse CP CRO ey Meee a 6 oral Sins 11, otal aw Nap settee Mee ema a cots Ishtar 
6. Winged disk one er eee. ee Shamash 12. Seven dots 2. 7 ast ee eeree nnt ere Igigi 
In this list the order has been followed both of the emblems and the gods 
specified. The name of the god No. Io is illegible, but is Ninib or Nergal. But 
the bas-relief is not always plain, and I presume, from comparison with other 
monuments, the emblem for No. 10 should be drawn with two lions’ heads instead 
of bulls’ heads. Also, the emblem No. 9 should doubtless be made double, like 
the two narrow columns seen in fig. 1279, 
instead of a single wider column. 
We have thus gained knowledge of 
twelve emblems of gods (three of them 
identical horned hats or turbans), of which 
five are columns or asheras; and these col- 
umns are so differentiated as to represent 
the five gods, Ea, Ramman, Marduk, Nabu, 
and Ninib or Nergal. 
The bas-relief of Maltaya (fig. 1283) 1s 
of value not only for the figures of gods, but 
also for the emblematic animals related to 
them—the dragon, with uplifted tail, of Mar- 
duk and Nebo, the lion of Belit and Ishtar, 
the winged bull of Adad and probably Sin, 
and the horse of some uncertain god. 
Now comes another very important 
step in the identification or corroboration 
of these emblems. We have considered 
the bas-reliefs of Assyrian kings, with their 
accompanying emblems. But these emblems were evidently borrowed, with varia- 
tions, from the accepted Babylonian emblems of the gods, as found scattered 
on the seal cylinders, but gathered in numbers on the so-called boundary stones 
or kudurrus. While Hommel and others have given some attention to them, and 
the accompanying inscriptions have been translated by Oppert and his successors, 
the figures themselves had not received the study they deserve, as they are very 

