408 SEAL CYLINDERS OF WESTERN ASIA. 
(Pinches, P. S. B. A. xxvii, p. 207). For an illustration of the eagle on a stand- 
ard, see fig. 39a. For the early appearance of the two-headed eagle, more charac- 
teristically Hittite, see fig. 421. A 
Hittite example is fig. 825. In the 
Gudea period it appears on the 
cylinders, single-headed usually. 
29. The Standard of Gilga- 
mesh: This is regarded by Heuzey 
as a form of gate-post, and when 
found alone would represent the 
god who carries it as porter, guar- 
dian, or warder. It has various 
modifications, sometimes the lower 
point of a spear, to allow it to be 
fixed in the ground, and sometimes 
a square enlargement at the top. 
According to Thureau - Dangin 
(Zeitschrift fur Assyriologie, Oc- 
tober, 1904, p. 130) the Babylonian designation is urigallu (see Heuzey, Revue 
d’Assyriologie, v, p. 132). It will not be surprising to see Eabani carrying a standard 
like Gilgamesh, as in fig. 269. It is shown in No. 22a and 5 of the previous chapter. 

30. The Caduceus: This important emblem, called a candelabrum by Ménant, 
is not infrequent on Babylonian cylinders, especially of the Middle Empire. It 
does not appear in the Assyrian or Syro-Hittite figures. It is further referred to 
in No. 14 of this chapter. It consists of two serpents rising from a vertical stem, 
with imperfect bodies and heads thrown outward. ‘The neck is thickened, like that 
of the Egyptian asp. Between the two serpents is often a 
vase, as in fig. 1305a, but this is not always clear nor always 
present, so that the object looks like a bident or trident, or © 
even a candelabrum, and may be pointed, to be set up in the 
ground. Its serpentine character is discovered by comparing 
it with the single serpent, as in fig. 427 or in fig. 31, where 
the god carries the serpent as a rod over his shoulder. In fig. 1305) we have 
similar serpent over the shoulder, as in fig. 31. The vase on a column is peculiar. 
This emblem is held in the hand of Ishtar, as in figs. 135, 414, 416, 417. Doubt- 
less this caduceus, which may be the source of the Greek caduceus, was originally 
conceived of as a weapon (see Ward, “ Proc. Am. Or. Soc.,” 1888, pp. lxxxv—Ixxxviii). 

31. The Vase and “Libra”: The vase is one of the most common emblems 
on the cylinders of the Middle Empire, and is also to be seen, but more usually 
in the hands of a god, on those of an earlier period. ‘The seated, and sometimes 
the standing, Shamash holds a vase to his breast, from which the streams flow 
upward and then downward, as seen in Chapter 1. ‘The vase was also an element 
in the Babylonian caduceus, between the two serpents, and is seen on the kudurrus 
between the two lion heads in the symbol of Nergal (see No. 13). When seen by 
itself it was usually engraved in the upper part of the field, in a vacant place, and 
