ANIMALS AND PLANTS FIGURED ON THE CYLINDERS. 417 
The Domestic Sheep was domesticated from the very earliest period and is 
occasionally figured, but not so frequently as the goat. It does not seem to be the 
present fat-tailed sheep of the region, which has probably been modified under 
domestication. For examples see figs. 392-396. The domestic sheep and goat are 
admirably shown on bas-reliefs from Nippur. See figs. 54, 1251, also 1257. 
The Domestic Goat is frequently seen on the cylinders and in bas-reliefs. It 
is extremely common to see a goat brought in the worshiper’s arms for sacrifice. 
That it is usually a goat and not an antelope, we may gather from cases like fig. 289, 
where the beard is distinctly drawn. The sheep and goats are seen driven out 
of a fold, or inclosure, at the earliest period of Chaldean art. The Babylonian 
words for goat are attudu (Hebrew attud) and enzu (Hebrew ‘z). The goat as 
figured on monuments about six thousand years old does not differ essentially 
from that now so familiar. It is being milked in figs. 391, 396. See figs. 54, 392- 
396, 1251. 
The Stag: It is not usual to find Gilgamesh fighting the stag, but occasionally 
he so appears in the more archaic monuments, as in figs. 149, 151. On the silver 
vase of Entemena (fig. 56) it appears with the ibex. In the later hunting scenes it 
is likely to appear, as in figs. 1081, 1084; sometimes distinctly the spotted fallow 
deer, as in figs. 1066, 1089, 1090. We also find the stag on the thick marble cylin- 
ders, as in fig. 498. ‘The head of the stag is on an altar, or table, before the god in 
fig. 733. 
The Gazelle must have been a very familiar animal to the inhabitants of the 
Euphrates valley from the earliest times, and even now is often made a pet. It is 
not unfamiliar on the cylinders, as is seen in figs. 703, 766. In fig. 277 it seems to 
be offered in sacrifice in place of the usual goat. 
The Antelope was, like the gazelle, a well-known animal and often appears 
on the cylinders, although it is not always easy to distinguish it from the wild or 
the domesticated goat. We seem to have the antelope in such cases as figs. 55, 94, 
118, 1008. In fig. 55 it seems to be domesticated and used for plowing. According 
to M. E. Naville the primitive Egyptians had domesticated the deer and the ostrich 
before the time of Menes (Report of lecture in Atheneum, 1906, p. 208). 
The Ass was familiar from the earliest times, as both wild and domesticated; 
and yet I recall but a single case in which it is figured in the older art of the cylin- 
ders. That is shown in a very archaic cylinder (fig. 108) in which an ass draws a 
two-wheeled chariot. It is probably the ass which in fig. 1096 draws a four-wheeled 
chariot. Boscawen says (“The First of Empires,” p. 124) that the chariot of 
Eannadu (about 4000 B. C.) was “drawn by asses,” but Heuzey says the animals 
drawing the chariot are missing, and they are not figured in either Heuzey’s “ Cata- 
logue” or his ‘‘ Découvertes.” 
The Horse in Sumerian was called “the ass of the mountains.” It was, then, 
a later animal to come to the knowledge of the Babylonians and was not domesti- 
cated as first known. It is figured on a so-called boundary stone of Nebuchad- 
nezzar I., about 1140 B.C. (fig. 1287), but must have been known to them in 
domestication much earlier. Indeed, it was introduced into Egypt at the time of 
the Hyksos about 1700 B.C. It is, perhaps, not found at all on the cylinders 
coming from Babylonia before the Persian period, but we find it at a much earlier 
period on the Syrian and other cylinders of northern regions. A Syrian goddess 
27 
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